Rule by a minority. Also called oligarchy. Plato called the rule by law aristocracy and the government not based on law oligarchy. Then Aristotle called the corrupt form of aristocracy, that is, the government run by a small wealthy class for their own benefit, oligarchy, and this term became widely used as a political concept to classify political forms along with the words despotism and mob rule (a corrupt form of democracy, respectively). The idea of oligarchy, which was negatively regarded in Greek city-states, was inherited as a synonym for bad government in modern democratic countries that are based on the rule of law and majority rule. However, in the 20th century, R. Michels revealed the reality of the minority rule by party officials within the German Social Democratic Party in his Sociology of Political Parties in Modern Democracy (1910), and the word oligarchy was given a new meaning and attracted attention. In other words, the word oligarchy has become an important concept in understanding modern politics in the sense that any human group that grows large has a tendency to be ruled by a minority in accordance with the "iron law of oligarchy" in order to ensure rational and efficient management of the organization. [Hiroshi Tanaka] Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
少数者による支配。オリガーキーoligarchyともいう。プラトンは、少数者支配のなかでも法律による統治を貴族制、法律に基づかない政治を寡頭制と名づけた。ついでアリストテレスが、貴族制の堕落した形態すなわち少数の富裕者階級が自己の利益のために行う政治を寡頭制とよんだことによって、この用語は専制・衆愚制(それぞれモナーキー〔君主制〕、デモクラシーの堕落した政治形態)という語とともに政治形態を分類する政治概念として一般的に普及した。そして、ギリシアの都市国家において否定的にとらえられていたこのオリガーキーという考え方は、法の支配と多数者支配を前提とする近代民主主義国家においてもそのまま悪政の代名詞として受け継がれた。しかし20世紀に入って、R・ミヘルスが、『現代民主主義における政党の社会学』(1910)において、ドイツ社会民主党内部における党幹部による少数支配の実態を明らかにして以来、この寡頭制=オリガーキーという語は新しい意味内容を付与されて注目を浴びることになった。すなわち、ここでは、オリガーキーという語は、あらゆる人間集団はその組織が巨大化すれば組織の合理的・効率的な管理運営のために「寡頭制の鉄則」に従って少数者支配の傾向をもつという意味において、現代政治を理解する重要概念となった。 [田中 浩] 出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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