Open cluster - Sankaiseidan (English spelling)

Japanese: 散開星団 - さんかいせいだん(英語表記)open cluster
Open cluster - Sankaiseidan (English spelling)

A star cluster is a relatively loose collection of several dozen to several hundred stars in an area of ​​about 50 light years. It is a group of stars born at the same time in the disk of the Milky Way, especially in the spiral arms. Globular clusters distributed in the halo of the Milky Way (the region that envelops the disk) are made up of stars of type II (globular clusters are also called type II objects), while open clusters are made up of stars of type I (ibid.). Open clusters in the disk are strongly affected by interstellar absorption, so the further away they are, the more difficult they are to observe. About 1,500 open clusters are known so far, but these are close to the Sun. Open clusters range in age from millions to billions of years. The HR diagram (color-magnitude diagram) of a young open cluster clearly shows the main sequence from blue stars to red stars. The youngest open clusters may still retain remnants of the interstellar matter from which they were born. The reflection nebula of the Pleiades star cluster is a famous example.

The problem of interstellar absorption was solved through the observation of open star clusters. Whether interstellar space is transparent (does not absorb light) or not was a major issue in the early 20th century research into the shape and size of the universe. In 1930, Trumpler compared the distances of open star clusters using two methods. Comparing the distances estimated from the brightness of stars (spectral parallax) with the distances estimated from the diameters of star clusters, the former was systematically larger than the latter. This indicated that the light from star clusters is absorbed and weakened in interstellar space before it reaches us, so the distances are estimated to be farther than if there was no absorption. Thus, the existence of interstellar absorption was observationally proven for the first time.

[Okamura Sadanori]

[References] | Globular clusters | Galaxy | Nebulae | Interstellar absorption | Star clusters
Pleiades (Subaru)
M45 is an open star cluster in Taurus. It is surrounded by a group of reflection nebulae. ©National Astronomical Observatory of Japan ">

Pleiades (Subaru)

Ptolemy Cluster
An open cluster in the constellation Scorpio. NGC6475 (M7) ©National Astronomical Observatory of Japan ">

Ptolemy Cluster

Double Cluster
An open cluster between Perseus and Cassiopeia. Near the center of the photo, NGC869 (h Per) is on the right and NGC884 (χ Per) is on the left. ©Shogakukan Photo by Hideyuki Asakura ">

Double Cluster

Beehive Star Cluster
An open star cluster in the constellation Cancer. NGC2632 (M44) ©National Astronomical Observatory of Japan ">

Beehive Star Cluster


Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

数十から数百の星が50光年程度の領域に比較的緩やかに集合している星団。銀河系の円盤(ディスク)、とくに渦巻腕の中で同時に誕生した星々の集団である。銀河系のハロー(ディスクを包み込む領域)に分布する球状星団が種族Ⅱの星からできている(球状星団は種族Ⅱの天体という言い方もされる)のに対し、散開星団は種族Ⅰの星から成っている(同前)。ディスクにある散開星団は、星間吸収の影響を強く受けているので、遠方に行くほど観測が困難になる。これまでに約1500個の散開星団が知られているが、これらは太陽に近いものである。散開星団の年齢は数百万年から数十億年まで広い範囲にわたる。若い散開星団のHR図(色-等級図)は、青い星から赤い星まで主系列がはっきり認められる。もっとも若い散開星団は、その生まれるもとになった星間物質の名残(なごり)をとどめていることがある。プレヤデス星団の反射星雲が有名な例である。

 散開星団の観測を通して星間吸収の問題が解決した。星間空間が透明(光を吸収しない)かそうでないかは、宇宙の形と大きさを決める20世紀初頭の研究で大問題となっていた。1930年にトランプラーは、散開星団の距離を二つの方法で比較した。星の明るさ(分光視差)から推定した距離と、星団の直径から推定した距離を比べると、前者の方が後者よりも系統的に大きくなった。これは、星団から光がわれわれに届くまでに星間空間で吸収されて弱くなるので、吸収がないとした場合より距離が遠いように見積もられることを示していた。こうして、星間吸収の存在が初めて観測的に実証された。

[岡村定矩]

[参照項目] | 球状星団 | 銀河系 | 星雲 | 星間吸収 | 星団
プレヤデス星団(すばる)
おうし座にある散開星団。M45。反射星雲の群で取り囲まれている©国立天文台">

プレヤデス星団(すばる)

トレミー星団
さそり座にある散開星団。NGC6475(M7)©国立天文台">

トレミー星団

二重星団
ペルセウス座とカシオペヤ座の中間にある散開星団。写真中央付近、右がNGC869(h Per)、左がNGC884(χ Per)©Shogakukan 撮影/朝倉秀之">

二重星団

プレセペ星団
かに座にある散開星団。NGC2632(M44)©国立天文台">

プレセペ星団


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