This is the effective value of concentration used when discussing the equilibrium and rate of a reaction, and is usually called activity. In general, the degree of reaction in a chemical reaction is not directly proportional to the concentrations of the reacting substances, but rather depends on the activity. In the case of a gas reaction, when the pressure (or concentration) is low, the equilibrium constant is a constant that depends only on temperature and does not depend on the concentration (molar concentration) of each component, but when the pressure becomes tens to hundreds of atmospheres, the equilibrium constant will not be a constant value unless a certain correction coefficient is multiplied by each molar concentration. This is because the behavior of the components deviates from that of an ideal gas due to the interactions between the components. In the case of a solution, when the concentration of the solute is low, the behavior of the solution (Henry's law, etc.) and the electromotive force match the theoretical formula well if the concentration of the dissolved solute itself is used. However, as the concentration increases, the fit gradually becomes less consistent, and it becomes necessary to consider the activity. This is because the interactions between the components play a large role in all of these cases, and the coefficient of activity or activity is used to correct the degree of discrepancy. [Toda Genjiro and Nakahara Katsunori] Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
反応の平衡や速度を議論するときに使われる濃度の有効値のことで、通常は活量という。一般に化学反応において反応する程度は、反応する物質相互の濃度に直接比例するものではなく活動度がきいてくる。気体反応の場合、圧力(または濃度)が小さい間の平衡定数は、温度のみに依存する定数で、各成分の濃度(モル濃度)によらないが、圧力が数十気圧から数百気圧になると、それぞれのモル濃度に、ある補正係数を掛けないと平衡定数が一定値にならなくなる。これは、各成分の間の相互作用のため、理想気体の挙動から外れるためである。また溶液の場合も溶質の濃度が薄い間は、溶液の挙動(ヘンリーの法則など)や、起電力などは、溶かした溶質の濃度そのものを用いれば、理論式によく合致する。しかし濃度が高くなれば、しだいにあわなくなり、活動度を考えることが必要になる。これらはいずれも各成分間の相互作用が大きくきいてくるからであり、その不一致の程度を補正するものを活動度係数あるいは活量係数といっている。 [戸田源治郎・中原勝儼] 出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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