The ancient name of Britain. In particular, the Roman (Latin) name for the southern part of Great Britain, where an ancient Roman province was located. It means "land of the Britons" and is derived from the Britons who lived in the southern part of Great Britain at that time. Traces of hunting can be seen from the Paleolithic period, but the Celts of northwestern Europe brought an excellent Bronze Age civilization early on, and in the 4th century BC, an Iron Age civilization developed under the influence of the La Tène culture. In 75 BC, the Belgae came to the southern part of Britain and established a Belgae kingdom, which invited an attack by Caesar during his Gaul campaign in 55-54 BC. In 43 AD, Britain came under Roman control with the campaign of Roman Emperor Claudius I. Around 79 AD, the northern border was pacified under General Agricola, and control was stabilized. In 122, Emperor Hadrian arrived and built a long wall as a border. The Antonine Wall was then built to the north, but this was short-lived. Britannia was managed as a Roman imperial territory, and the construction of Roman cities progressed throughout the country, roads connecting them were developed, and even in rural areas, privately owned large estates were managed with the Roman system. In addition to grain and wool, it was rich in mineral resources. Before Rome, the Celtic religion of Druidism was practiced, but after that, worship of Jupiter, the chief god of Rome, and Christianity were introduced, and by the 4th century there were three bishops. After the Romans withdrew due to intensifying invasions by the Scots and Anglo-Saxons from the 4th and 5th centuries, Britons gathered in various places and Briton culture was revived. [Tomizawa Reikan] Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
イギリスの古称。とくに古代ローマの州があったグレート・ブリテン島南部のローマ(ラテン語)名。「ブリトン人の国」の意味で、当時グレート・ブリテン島南部に住んでいたブリトン人に由来する。旧石器時代より狩猟の跡がみられるが、早くから北西ヨーロッパのケルト人が優れた青銅器文明をもたらし、紀元前4世紀にはラ・テーヌ文化の影響下に鉄器文明が発展した。前75年ベルガエ人がブリテン島南部に来てベルガエ人の王国を建設、前55~前54年ガリア遠征中のカエサルの攻撃を招いた。紀元後43年ローマ皇帝クラウディウス1世の遠征で、ブリタニアはローマの支配下に入る。79年ごろアグリコラ将軍の下で北辺が鎮定され支配が安定した。122年皇帝ハドリアヌスが渡来して長城を建設し、国境とした。続いてその北にアントニヌスの長城が設けられたが、これは短命であった。ブリタニアはローマの皇帝領として経営され、各地でローマ的都市の建設も進み、それらを結ぶ道路も整備され、農村でもローマの制度を取り入れた私有大領地経営が進められた。穀物、毛織物のほか、鉱産資源も豊かであった。ローマ以前にはケルト人の宗教ドルイド教が行われていたが、それ以後はローマの主神ユピテル(ジュピター)信仰やキリスト教も入り、4世紀には3人の司教がいた。4、5世紀からスコット人、アングロ・サクソン人の侵入が激化してローマが撤退したのち、各地にブリトン人の結集とブリトン文化の復活をみた。 [富沢霊岸] 出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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