Action potential

Japanese: 活動電位 - かつどうでんい(英語表記)action potential
Action potential

This is a temporary change in membrane potential that excitable cells such as nerves and muscles show when excited, and is also called action potential. The weak current that flows as a result of this change is called action current. The part where the action potential changes suddenly is called spike potential. The most typical example of an action potential is a nerve impulse seen in nerve fibers, which has conductivity according to the "all-or-none law." The inside of a cell contains a lot of K + and little Na + . In a resting state, the membrane is relatively permeable to K + , and the potential inside the cell is kept negative relative to the outside (resting potential). When the membrane potential changes due to a stimulus, the voltage-dependent Na + channel in the membrane opens, and the inside of the cell shows a positive potential according to the concentration gradient of Na + . After a delay, the K + channel opens, the Na + channel closes, and the membrane potential quickly returns to a negative potential. This is the action potential. The Na + channel is a giant molecule that is made up of a part called an α (alpha) subunit, which is a chain of about 2,000 amino acids, and two small β (beta) subunits, which are about one-seventh of the α (alpha) subunit. The α subunit is made up of four domains, each of which has six segments that pass through the membrane, forming a pore through which ions pass through the membrane. In arthropod muscles, action potentials are known to occur due to increased permeability to calcium ions (Ca 2+ ), and are called calcium spikes. Action potentials are not only seen in animals, but also in certain plants, such as mimosa pudica and sundew.

[Akira Murakami]

[References] | Excitation | Resting potential | All-or-none principle | Electrophysiology | Membrane potential

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

神経や筋肉などの興奮性細胞が興奮時に示す一時的な膜電位変化をいい、動作電位ともよぶ。その変化の結果流れる微弱な電流を活動電流という。また、活動電位が急激に変化する部分はスパイク電位とよばれる。活動電位のもっとも典型的なものは、神経繊維にみられる神経衝撃nerve impulseで、「全か無かの法則」に従い、伝導性をもつ。細胞の内部は、K+が多くNa+が少ない。静止状態では、膜は、K+の透過性が比較的高く、細胞内の電位は、外部に対してマイナスに保たれている(静止電位)。刺激などにより膜電位が変化すると、膜の電位依存性Na+チャンネルが開き、Na+の濃度勾配に応じて細胞内部がプラスの電位を示すようになる。遅れてK+チャンネルが開き、Na+チャンネルが閉じて、膜電位は速やかにマイナス電位に戻る。これが活動電位である。Na+チャンネルは2000ほどのアミノ酸が連なったα(アルファ)サブユニットといわれる部分と、その7分の1程度の小さなβ(ベータ)サブユニットが二つ集まった巨大分子である。αサブユニットは、膜を通過するセグメントといわれる部分を6個もったかたまり(ドメイン)が4個集まって、イオンが膜を通過する孔(ポア)を構成している。節足動物の筋肉などでは、カルシウムイオン(Ca2+)に対する透過性の増大により発生する活動電位が知られ、カルシウムスパイクとよばれる。また、活動電位は動物だけでなく、オジギソウやモウセンゴケなど、ある種の植物にもみられる。

[村上 彰]

[参照項目] | 興奮 | 静止電位 | 全か無かの法則 | 電気生理学 | 膜電位

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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