Iki Province - Ikinokuni

The former name of Iki Island, an island in the Genkai Sea. It is currently part of Iki City, Nagasaki Prefecture. Along with Tsushima, Iki was a key transportation hub connecting the Korean Peninsula with Japan, was located on the inflow route of continental culture, and was also the base of the Wako pirates. The entire island is a basalt plateau, and compared to Tsushima, it has more flat land. Surrounded by the sea, fishing has been thriving there to this day. In the Gishiwajinden, it appears as a large (ship) country, with rulers named Hiko and Hinamori, an area of ​​about 300 square ri, many bamboo and tree groves, about 3,000 houses, and a small amount of rice paddy, but not enough for self-sufficiency. In the Ritsuryo Kokugun system, Iki Province was one of the nine islands of the Saikaido, and was a lower province. The provincial capital was originally located in Kokubu, Iki District, and later moved to Ashibe, Iwata District. According to the Engishiki, Iki Province consisted of two districts, Iki and Ishida, with seven districts in Iki District: Kazehaya, Kasu, Taka, Isafushi, Shioyasu, Itake, and Naka, and four districts in Ishida District: Ishida, Mononobe, Shinuhara, and Numazu. Tax revenues in Iki Province were 15,000 bundles for regular tax, 50,000 bundles for public office, 5,000 bundles for repair ponds and ditches, and 20,000 bundles for emergency services. Taxes for ordinary and middle-aged men were exempt. There were 12 Shikinaisha in Iki County and 12 in Ishida County, and Tobunji Temple (corresponding to Kokubunji) was located in Ashibe. Defenders were dispatched to prepare for the invasion of foreign enemies, and 14 beacons were set up. In 1019 (Kannin 3), the Toi invasion led to the death of Iki Province's governor, Fujiwara Masatada. In Iki Province, there were the manors Shihara no Yasu, which was the domain of the lord's office, Ishida no Yasu, Mononobe no Sho, Tsutsuki no Sho, etc. During the Kamakura period, the Muto (Shoni) clan held the position of Shugo along with Chikuzen, but in 1274 (Bun'ei 11), the Mongol army landed, and the Shugodai Taira no Kagetaka and others were killed in battle, and in 1281 (Kōan 4), samurai from Kyushu attacked Mongol warships that had gathered at Setoura (Ashibe-cho, Iki City), leading to a fierce battle. During the Nanboku-cho period, local lords such as the Sashi, Kamochi, Yobuko, Shiotsuru, Mayumi, and Makiyama clans divided their territories and traded with Korea, but during this time Iki, along with Tsushima and Matsuura, was used as a base for wako pirates. In 1472 (Bunmei 4), Hata Yasushi, lord of Kishidake Castle in Kamimatsuura, attacked, pacified, and took control of the area. In 1555 (Koji 1), the Iki Ropponshu, including the Tateishi, Makiyama, Shimojo, and Matsumoto clans, rebelled, but with the cooperation of the Hidaka, Sasaki, and Yamamoto clans, the Hata clan continued to rule. However, in 1571 (Genki 2), the Hidaka and Tateishi clans became vassals of the Hirado Matsuura clan, and Iki came to be owned by the Hirado Matsuura clan. In the early modern period, Iki was divided into 8 ura, 24 villages, and 98 bures (districts), and each village had a village headman and several sagasashira (peasant leaders) under him who controlled the peasants. With the abolition of feudal domains and establishment of prefectures by the new Meiji government, Iki, which had been the territory of the Matsuura clan, became part of Hirado Prefecture in July 1871 (Meiji 4), but was integrated into Nagasaki Prefecture in November of the same year, and has been under the jurisdiction of Nagasaki Prefecture ever since.

[Seno Seiichiro]

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

玄界灘(げんかいなだ)上の一島、壱岐島の旧国名。現在は長崎県壱岐市に属している。壱岐は対馬(つしま)とともに、朝鮮半島と日本を結ぶ交通の要地であり、大陸文化の流入路に位置し、倭寇(わこう)の根拠地でもあった。島全体が玄武岩の台地で、対馬と比較して平地が多く、周囲を海に囲まれて現在に至るまで漁業が盛んである。『魏志倭人伝(ぎしわじんでん)』には一大（支）国という名でみえ、卑狗(ひこ)と卑奴母離(ひなもり)という統治者がおり、面積は300平方里ばかりで、竹木叢林(そうりん)が多く、3000戸ほどの家があり、少々の田地があるが、自給自足するには足りないとの記事がある。律令(りつりょう)国郡制では壱岐国は西海道九国二島のうちで、下国。国府は初め壱岐郡国分、のちに石田(いわた)郡芦辺(あしべ)に移った。『延喜式(えんぎしき)』によると、壱岐、石田2郡よりなり、壱岐郡には風早(かぜはや)、可須(かす)、田河(たか)、鯨伏(いさふし)、潮安(しおやす)、伊宅(いたけ)、那賀(なか)の7郷、石田郡には石田、物部(もののべ)、篦原(しぬはら)、沼津(ぬまづ)の4郷があった。壱岐国の税収入は正税(しょうぜい)1万5000束、公廨(くがい)5万束、修理池溝(ちこうりょう)5000束、救急2万束で、庸(よう)、中男作物(ちゅうなんさくもつ)は免除されていた。式内社(しきないしゃ)は壱岐郡12座、石田郡12座があり、島分(とうぶん)寺（国分寺にあたる）は芦辺に置かれていた。外敵の侵入に備えるために防人(さきもり)が派遣され、14か所の烽(とぶひ)が設けられていた。1019年（寛仁3）の刀伊(とい)の入寇(にゅうこう)では、壱岐国守藤原理忠(まさただ)も殺害された。壱岐国の荘園(しょうえん)には主殿(とのも)寮領であった志原保のほか石田保、物部庄(もののべしょう)、筒城(つつき)庄などがあった。鎌倉時代の守護は、筑前(ちくぜん)などとともに武藤(むとう)（少弐(しょうに)）氏が兼帯していたが、1274年（文永11）にはモンゴル軍が上陸し、守護代平景隆(かげたか)以下が戦死し、さらに1281年（弘安4）にも瀬戸浦（壱岐市芦辺町）に集結していたモンゴル軍船を九州の武士が襲い激戦が展開された。南北朝時代には佐志氏、鴨打(かもち)氏、呼子(よぶこ)氏、塩津留(しおつる)氏、真弓(まゆみ)氏、牧山(まきやま)氏などの土豪が割拠して、朝鮮との貿易を行っていたが、この時代壱岐は対馬、松浦(まつら)とともに倭寇の根拠地とされていた。1472年（文明4）上松浦(かみまつら)岸岳(きしだけ)城主波多泰(はたやすし)が来襲し、平定して統治することになった。1555年（弘治1）立石(たていし)、牧山、下条(しもじょう)、松本氏など壱岐六人衆の反乱が起きたが、日高、佐々木、山本氏などの協力によって波多氏の統治が続けられていた。ところが1571年（元亀2）日高、立石氏などが平戸松浦氏の家臣となったため、以後壱岐は平戸松浦氏が領有することになった。近世には8か浦24か村98触(ぶれ)に分かれており、各村に庄屋、その下に数人の朷頭(さすがしら)（百姓頭）がいて農民の支配にあたっていた。明治新政府の廃藩置県により、松浦氏の所領であった壱岐は、1871年（明治4）7月平戸(ひらど)県に属したが、その年の11月長崎県に統合されたため、以後今日に至るまで長崎県の所管となっている。

［瀬野精一郎］

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