Kuiper, Gerard Peter

Japanese: カイパー(英語表記)Kuiper, Gerard Peter
Kuiper, Gerard Peter
Born: December 7, 1905, Halenkarspel, Netherlands
[Died] December 23, 1973. Mexico City, Mexico. American astronomer born in the Netherlands. Real name Gerrit Pieter Kuiper. Known for his discoveries and theories on the solar system. Graduated from Leiden University in 1927 and earned his doctorate from the same university in 1933. He moved to the United States in the same year and became a naturalized citizen in 1937. Worked at the University of Chicago's Yerkes Observatory from 1936. Served as director of Yerkes Observatory and McDonald Observatory from 1947 to 1949 and 1957 to 1960. Founded the Lunar and Planetary Laboratory at the University of Arizona in 1960. In 1944, he confirmed the existence of a methane atmosphere around Saturn's moon Titan. In 1947, he predicted that the main component of the atmosphere of Mars is carbon dioxide and that Saturn's rings are made of ice particles, both of which were shown to be correct. In 1948, he discovered Miranda, the fifth moon of Uranus, and in 1949, Nereid, the second moon of Neptune. In 1950, he measured the apparent diameter of Pluto for the first time with certainty. In 1956, he proved that the polar ice caps of Mars are composed of frozen water, not carbon dioxide as previously assumed. In 1951, he proposed a powerful theory about the origin of the solar system, which states that the planets were formed by the condensation of a large cloud of gas around the Sun. He also suggested the existence of a disc-shaped belt of numerous comets orbiting the Sun at a distance of 30 to 50 astronomical units (AU). The existence of this belt of comets was proven in the 1990s, and it was named the Kuiper Belt. His achievements are remembered in the Kuiper Airborne Observatory (1974), and there are craters named after him on the Moon, Mercury, and Mars.

Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia About Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia Information

Japanese:
[生]1905.12.7. オランダ,ハーレンカルスペル
[没]1973.12.23. メキシコ,メキシコシティー
オランダ生まれのアメリカ合衆国の天文学者。本名 Gerrit Pieter Kuiper。太陽系に関する発見と理論で知られる。1927年にライデン大学を卒業し,1933年同大学院で博士号を取得。同 1933年アメリカ合衆国へ移住し,1937年に帰化した。1936年からシカゴ大学のヤーキズ天文台に勤務。ヤーキズ天文台とマクドナルド天文台の台長を 1947~49年,1957~60年務めた。1960年アリゾナ大学に月惑星研究所を創設。1944年土星の衛星チタンの周囲にメタンの大気が存在することを確認した。1947年火星の大気の主成分は二酸化炭素であること,また土星の環は氷の粒子で形成されていることを予測し,いずれも正しいことが示された。1948年天王星の第5衛星ミランダを,1949年海王星の第2衛星ネレイドを発見。1950年冥王星の視直径の信頼できる値を初めて測定した。1956年火星の極冠は従来想定されていた二酸化炭素ではなく,氷結した水で形成されていることを証明した。1951年太陽系の起源について,太陽のまわりで大きなガスの雲が凝縮することにより惑星が形成されたという強力な理論を提唱し,また太陽から 30~50天文単位(AU)の距離のところで円盤状の帯を形成し周回している無数の彗星の存在を示唆した。この彗星の帯の存在は 1990年代に立証され,カイパーベルトと名づけられた。その功績はカイパー空中天文台(1974)に名を残し,月,水星,火星にもカイパーにちなんで命名されたクレータがある。

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