Rossellini - Roberto Rossellini

Italian film director. Born in Rome. Born into a wealthy family that ran a construction company, he spent his youth absorbed in his hobbies such as cars without earning a high school diploma. After working on several short documentaries such as "Prelude to the Afternoon of a Faun" (1938), he participated in the screenplay for the government-sponsored film "Air March" (1938). During World War II, he made his directorial debut with "The White Ship" (1941), produced by the Ministry of the Navy, and completed the "Fascist Trilogy" of "The Pilot's Return" (1942) and "Man of the Cross" (1943). Immediately after the war, he shocked the world with "Open City" (1945), which depicts the Nazi occupation of Rome and the resistance movement, and quickly popularized the term neorealism. His gaze of capturing his subjects as they are was consistent in "Beyond Fire" (1946), which tells the story of the Allied forces' liberation of Italy in six episodes, and "Year Zero" (1948), which has as its protagonist a boy who commits suicide in the ruins of Berlin. He caused a scandal with Ingrid Bergman, whom he met in "Stromboli" (1949), and remarried her in 1950. His "A Trip to Italy" (1954), which looked at the crisis of his marriage through improvisational direction, had a great influence on the French New Wave. After returning to neorealism with "General Rovere" (1959) and "It Was Night in Rome" (1960), he turned to historical films with "Viva Italy!" (1960), which depicts Garibaldi's long march. From The Age of Iron (1965) to Descartes (1974), he worked mainly on television films for the Italian national television station RAI, after which he made two films: The First Year (1974), a biographical film about Alcide De Gasperi (1881-1954), founder of the Christian Democratic Party, and The Redeemer (1975), a passion play about Christ.

[Yasuhiro Nishimura]

"Contemporary Cinema 10: Rossellini" by M. Verdone, translated by Hiroshi Umemoto et al. (1976, Sanichi Shobo) "Roberto Rossellini: My Method - A Filmmaker Speaks About Himself" by Yasuhiro Nishimura (1997, Film Art Publishing)

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

イタリアの映画監督。ローマ生まれ。建築会社を経営する裕福な一家に生まれ、高校卒業資格を得ないまま、趣味の自動車などに熱中する青春時代を送る。『牧神の午後への前奏曲』（1938）など数本の短編ドキュメンタリーを手がけた後、国策映画『空征(ゆ)かば』（1938）の脚本に参加。第二次世界大戦中に海軍省製作の『白い船』（1941）で監督デビュー、「ファシスト三部作」とよばれる『飛行士の帰還』（1942）、『十字架の男』（1943）を完成。戦争終了直後、ナチスによるローマ占領とレジスタンス運動を描いた『無防備都市』（1945）で世界を震撼(しんかん)させ、ネオレアリズモの呼称を一躍広めた。被写体をあるがままにとらえる視線は、連合軍のイタリア解放を六つの挿話で綴った『戦火のかなた』（1946）や、廃墟のベルリンで自殺する少年を主人公にした『ドイツ零年』（1948）でも一貫していた。『ストロンボリ　神の土地』（1949）で出会ったイングリッド・バーグマンと不倫騒動を巻き起こし、1950年に彼女と再婚。即興的な演出で夫婦の危機を見つめた『イタリア旅行』（1954）は、フランスのヌーベル・バーグに多大な影響を与える。『ロベレ将軍』（1959）と『ローマで夜だった』（1960）でネオレアリズモに回帰した後、ガリバルディの長征を描いた『イタリア万歳！』（1960）で歴史映画へと向かう。『鉄の時代』（1965）から『デカルト』（1974）までは、おもにイタリア国営放送（RAI）でテレビ用映画を手がけた後、キリスト教民主党の創設者アルチーデ・デ・ガスペリAlcide De Gasperi（1881―1954）の伝記映画『元年』（1974）とキリストの受難劇『救世主』（1975）の2本をつくった。

［西村安弘］

『M・ヴェルドーネ著、梅本浩志他訳『現代のシネマ10　ロッセリーニ』（1976・三一書房）』▽『ロベルト・ロッセリーニ著、西村安弘訳『ロッセリーニ　私の方法――映画作家が自身を語る』（1997・フィルムアート社）』

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