Asian Development Bank (English name)

ADB is an international regional financial institution established to promote economic development and reduce poverty in developing countries in the Asia-Pacific region. The idea for its establishment was concretized at the ECAFE (Economic Commission for Asia and the Far East) Ministerial Meeting in 1963, and the founding agreement was adopted in Manila, Philippines in December 1965. It began operations in December 1966. Its headquarters are in Manila, and as of 2007 it has 67 member countries (48 from within the region and 19 from outside the region). All of its presidents have been Japanese. Its activities include lending development funds, coordinating and supporting the economic plans of each country in the region, coordinating development cooperation with international organizations such as the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and the World Bank, providing technical assistance, and promoting development investments with public and private capital in the region. Its funds are broadly divided into ordinary funds, which consist of capital contributions and loans from member countries, and special funds (Asian Development Fund, Special Fund for Technical Assistance) that are funded by special contributions. The loans are weighted heavily towards public investment aimed at development, with the majority in the agriculture, energy, transport and communications sectors. Until now, economic growth has contributed to the reduction of poverty in the region, but the rise in food and oil prices in 2008 and the subsequent global recession have slowed the pace of poverty reduction. In addition, widening disparities within and between countries in the region are threatening to undermine regional development and stability, so ADB has set three long-term strategic guidelines: inclusive growth, environmentally friendly and sustainable growth, and regional integration.

[Kenji Akiyama]

"Challenges for Asian Transformation" by Asian Development Bank, supervised by Tsuneaki Yoshida (1998, Toyo Keizai Shinposha)

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

略称ADB。アジア・太平洋地域における開発途上国の経済開発を促進し、貧困の減少を目的に設立された国際的な地域金融機関。1963年のECAFE(エカフェ)（アジア極東経済委員会）閣僚会議で設立構想が具体化され、1965年12月フィリピンのマニラで設立協定が採択され、1966年12月に業務を開始した。本部所在地はマニラで、2007年現在の加盟国は67か国（域内48、域外19）である。歴代の総裁を日本人が務めている。開発資金の融資、域内各国の経済計画の政策調整や支援、国際通貨基金（IMF）や世界銀行などの国際機関との開発協力、技術援助、および域内の公私の資本による開発投資の促進などを行う。資金は、加盟国からの拠出資本金と借入金とからなる通常資金と特別拠出金による特別基金（アジア開発基金、技術援助特別基金）とに大別される。融資は開発を目的とする公共投資の比重が高く、部門的には農業、エネルギー、運輸・通信などが多い。　これまでは経済成長が域内の貧困の減少に寄与してきたが、2008年の食料や原油価格の高騰、そしてその後の世界的不況が貧困削減のペースを緩慢にしている。また、域内の国内や国家間の格差拡大により、地域の発展や安定を損なうおそれが出てきているが、ADBは長期的戦略指針として、包括的成長、環境に配慮した持続可能な成長、地域統合の三つをあげている。

［秋山憲治］

『アジア開発銀行著、吉田恒昭監訳『アジア変革への挑戦』（1998・東洋経済新報社）』

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