Yellow fever

Japanese: 黄熱 - おうねつ(英語表記)yellow fever
Yellow fever

Yellow fever is a viral infection that is prevalent in tropical and subtropical regions of Africa and South America, and is also known as black vomit disease. The pathogen, the yellow fever virus, is transmitted by Aedes aegypti mosquitoes, and the infection is transmitted from patients, monkeys, and wild animals via mosquitoes. Clinically, it is an acute febrile disease with hepatitis as the main symptom. The incubation period is 3-6 days, and it ranges from asymptomatic infection to mild and severe cases. In mild cases, fever, nausea, vomiting, and bradycardia are observed, but the disease is cured within a few days. In severe cases, the disease begins with a sudden high fever and significant pain in the lower limbs, and vomiting of blood due to a tendency to bleed is observed. On the third day after the onset of the disease, the symptoms disappear, and after the fever subsides and the bradycardia, the patient enters the second stage of intoxication. During this period, fever appears again, and jaundice appears along with bradycardia and a drop in blood pressure. The patient falls into a coma around the 10th day after the onset of the disease. The prognosis for severe cases is poor, with death occurring 6-10 days after onset, but the prognosis improves if fever subsides on the 7th or 8th day after onset. There is no specific cure, and symptomatic treatment requires adequate fluid replacement (hydration). As a preventative measure, mosquitoes should be eradicated in endemic areas, and yellow fever vaccines should be administered when traveling to endemic areas. Yellow fever was once designated a quarantinable infectious disease under the Quarantine Act, but the Quarantine Act was revised in 2006 (Heisei 18) and it was removed from the list of quarantinable infectious diseases in June 2007, as measures were no longer required under the World Health Regulations revised in 2005. It is classified as a Class 4 infectious disease under the Infectious Disease Prevention and Medical Care Act (Infectious Diseases Act). It is well known that Hideyo Noguchi contracted the disease while researching it and collapsed.

[Keizo Matsumoto and Masashi Yamamoto]

Yellow fever virus

It belongs to the Flavivirus genus of the Flaviviridae family, but was previously classified as a type of arbovirus group B. It is a single-stranded RNA (ribonucleic acid) virus with a diameter of 40-50 nanometers (1 nanometer is one billionth of a meter), 32 capsomeres (the structural unit of a capsid), and an envelope. It is sensitive to ether and deoxycholic acid, and remains sensitive in blood at 4°C for one month, and can be stored at -70°C for several years. It is also pathogenic to monkeys and guinea pigs, and has affinity for the nervous system, circulatory system, and internal organs. The vaccine strain is attenuated by passage in mouse brain.

[Masami Soneda]

"The History of Yellow Fever: The Birth of Tropical Medicine" by Francois Delaporte, translated by Kazuhiko Ikeda (1993, Misuzu Shobo) " "The Doctor Hideyo Noguchi" by Takeshi Komura (2000, Kenyukan)

[References] | Infectious Disease Prevention and Medical Care Act | Quarantine | Quarantine Infectious Diseases | Aedes aegypti | Hideyo Noguchi

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

アフリカおよび南アメリカの熱帯ないし亜熱帯地域に流行するウイルス感染症で、黒吐病ともよばれる。病原体の黄熱ウイルスはネッタイシマカによって媒介され、感染経路として患者、サルおよび野生動物からカを介して感染する。臨床的には肝炎を主徴とする急性熱性疾患である。潜伏期は3~6日で、不顕性感染から軽症および重症型まである。軽症型では発熱、悪心、嘔吐(おうと)、徐脈がみられるが、数日で治癒する。重症型の場合は突然の高熱と著明な下肢痛で発症し、出血傾向に伴う吐血が認められる。発病3日目には一度症状が消え、解熱、徐脈をみたあとに第2期の中毒期に入る。この時期にはふたたび発熱がみられ、徐脈、血圧低下とともに黄疸(おうだん)が出現する。発病後10日目ごろには昏睡(こんすい)状態となる。重症型の予後は不良で、発病後6~10日で死亡するが、発病後7、8日目に解熱すれば予後はよくなる。特効薬はなく、対症療法として十分な補液(水分補給)が必要である。予防として流行地ではカの駆除を行うほか、これら流行地への旅行の際には黄熱ワクチンの接種が必要である。かつて黄熱は検疫法により検疫感染症(検疫伝染病)に指定されていたが、2005年に改正された世界保健規則に基づき対応が要請されなくなったことから、2006年(平成18)に検疫法が改正され、翌07年6月に検疫感染症から除外された。感染症予防・医療法(感染症法)で4類感染症に分類されている。なお、野口英世(ひでよ)が本病の研究で罹患(りかん)し倒れたことは有名である。

[松本慶蔵・山本真志]

黄熱ウイルス

フラビウイルス科フラビウイルスFlavivirus属に属するが、従来の分類ではアルボウイルスB群の1種とされていた。RNA(リボ核酸)1本鎖ウイルスで、直径40~50ナノメートル(1ナノメートルは10億分の1メートル)、カプソメア(カプシドの構造単位)数32、エンベロープ(外被)がある。エーテル、デオキシコール酸に感受性を示し、血液中で4℃の温度条件下で1か月間感受性を持続、零下70℃で数年間保存できる。サル、モルモットにも病原性を示し、神経系、循環器、内臓に親和性を示す。ワクチン用の株はマウス脳に継代培養し、弱毒化したものが使われる。

[曽根田正己]

『フランソワ・ドラポルト著、池田和彦訳『黄熱の歴史 熱帯医学の誕生』(1993・みすず書房)』『小村剛史著『医聖 野口英世』(2000・健友館)』

[参照項目] | 感染症予防・医療法 | 検疫 | 検疫感染症 | ネッタイシマカ | 野口英世

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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