Frank

Japanese: フランク

A Belgian-born French composer. Born in Liège to a Walloon father and a German mother. After attending the conservatory there, he entered the Paris Conservatoire in 1837, where he studied piano, organ, and counterpoint. He was forced to leave school by his father, who wanted him to have a successful career as a pianist, as he developed an interest in composition, and he later broke away from his father. He made a living as a school teacher and a church organist while devoting himself to composition. In 1858, he became the organist at the Church of Sainte-Clotilde in Paris, which increased his fame, and in 1872 he became professor of organ at the Paris Conservatoire. After that, many students gathered around him, and the so-called "Frankish School" was formed, including d'Indy, Duparc, Chausson, and Lecou. Starting with the oratorio Atonement in the year he became professor at the Conservatory, he released a series of masterpieces during his mature period, and established his own unique style that was in line with the spirit of J.S. Bach. However, he ended his life without achieving much success in the French music world, which was at the height of its dramatic music days. His representative works include the Mass for Three Voices (1860), the Piano Quintet (1879), the piano piece Prelude, Chorale and Fugue (1884), the Violin Sonata (1886) dedicated to Ysaé, the piano piece Prelude, Aria and Finale (1886-1887), the symphonic poems Psyche (1887-1888), the Symphony in D minor (1888), the String Quartet (1889), and the organ piece Three Chorales (1890). →Bidor/Berlioz→Related topics Aria | Organ | Program music | Roussel

Frank

American photographer and filmmaker. Born in Zurich. From around 1941, he worked in Zurich as an apprentice at a photo studio and as a still photographer for movies. In 1947, he moved to New York and was employed as a fashion photographer by magazines Harper's Bazaar and Junior Bazaar. From around 1953, he began working as a photojournalist for magazines such as Fortune and Life. In 1955, he became the first foreigner to be awarded a Guggenheim Fellowship, and traveled around the United States by car, taking photographs and compiling them into a photobook called The Americans (1958 French edition, 1959 US edition with an additional preface by Kerawak). His works capture the anxiety and loneliness that lies behind America's prosperity, and had a tremendous influence on later photographers. From 1958, he began making films in parallel with his photography. He produced about 20 films, including his first short film as director, Pull My Daisy (1959). In 1972, he published a limited edition photo book, "Poetry of My Hands." Since 1994, the retrospective exhibition, "Moving Out," has toured around the world.
→ Related articles Winogrand | Mekas

Frank

German-born American physicist. Professor at the University of Göttingen in 1920. In collaboration with G. Hertz, he irradiated atoms such as mercury with electrons of various kinetic energies, and demonstrated that atoms absorb energy at discrete values (the existence of energy levels), and that a quantum relationship exists in the frequency of the spectrum emitted by excited atoms, providing experimental support for Bohr's atomic structure theory. In 1925, he shared the Nobel Prize in Physics with Hertz. Opposing Nazi policies, he traveled to the United States in 1935, and became a professor at the University of Chicago in 1938. During World War II, he participated in the atomic bomb development project, and in 1945 he drafted the "Frank Report" which opposed the dropping of atomic bombs on Japan, but the government ignored it.

Frank

Also known as Franken. A tribe belonging to the West Germanic region. Frank originally means free or bold, and this tribe's name was not used in ancient times, but from around the 3rd century, it became a vague name referring to many small Germanic tribes such as the Salians and Lipuarians who lived on the middle and lower eastern bank of the Rhine. From the 4th century onwards, they crossed the Rhine and migrated towards Gaul. At the end of the 5th century, Clovis, chief of the Salians, united with other tribes to establish the Frankish Kingdom, which became the largest power in Western Europe in the early Middle Ages. → Germanic people → Related article Italy | Great Migrations

Frank

She is known as the girl who wrote the so-called "Diary of Anne Frank." Born to a Jewish businessman in Frankfurt am Main, Germany, she moved to Amsterdam in 1933. She hid with her family during the German occupation, but was arrested in August 1944 and died of illness in the Bergen-Belsen concentration camp in March 1945. The diary she wrote during the two years she was in hiding was published by her father Otto in 1947 and was read all over the world.
→ Related articleThe Diary of Anne Frank

Frank

Soviet physicist. Graduated from Moscow University, he became a member of the Lebedev Physical Institute in 1934 and a professor at Moscow University in 1944. He collaborated with Tamm to develop the mathematical theory of the Cherenkov effect, and shared the Nobel Prize in Physics with Tamm in 1958.
→ Related article Cherenkov

Source : Heibonsha Encyclopedia About MyPedia Information

Japanese:

ベルギー生れのフランスの作曲家。リエージュでワロン人の父とドイツ人の母の間に生まれる。同地の音楽院を経て1837年パリ音楽院（コンセルバトアール）に入学，ピアノ，オルガン，対位法を学ぶ。作曲に関心を深めたため，ピアノ奏者としての華やかな活躍を望む父の手で退学を余儀なくされ，のち父と訣別(けつべつ)。学校教師や教会オルガン奏者として生計を立てながら作曲に励んだ。1858年パリのサント・クロティルド教会のオルガン奏者に就任して名声を高め，1872年パリ音楽院オルガン科教授。以後彼を慕って多くの弟子が集まり，ダンディ，デュパルク，ショーソン，ルクーらのいわゆる〈フランク派〉が形成された。音楽院教授就任の年のオラトリオ《贖罪(しょくざい)》を皮切りに円熟期の傑作が相次いで発表され，J.S.バッハの精神に連なる独自の様式が確立されたが，劇音楽全盛期のフランス音楽界にあってほとんど成功をみることなく生涯を閉じた。代表作に，《３声のミサ曲》（1860年），《ピアノ五重奏曲》（1879年），ピアノ曲《前奏曲，コラールとフーガ》（1884年），イザイエに献呈された《バイオリン・ソナタ》（1886年），ピアノ曲《前奏曲，アリアと終曲》（1886年−1887年），《プシシェ》（1887年−1888年）などの交響詩，《交響曲ニ短調》（1888年），《弦楽四重奏曲》（1889年），オルガン曲《３つのコラール》（1890年）などがある。→ビドール／ベルリオーズ
→関連項目アリア｜オルガン｜標題音楽｜ルーセル

フランク

米国の写真家，映画作家。チューリヒ生れ。1941年ころからチューリヒで写真スタジオの見習や，映画のスチール撮影などの仕事をする。1947年ニューヨークに移り，雑誌《ハーパーズ・バザー》《ジュニア・バザー》にファッション写真家として採用される。1953年ころからはフォト・ジャーナリストとして《フォーチュン》《ライフ》などの仕事を手がけるようになった。1955年外国人として初めてグッゲンハイム奨学金を授与され，米国各地を車で移動しながら撮影を行い，写真集《アメリカ人》（1958年フランス版，1959年ケラワックの序文を加えて米国版出版）にまとめる。そこでは，繁栄の背後にある米国の不安と孤独感がとらえられており，後の写真家に絶大な影響を及ぼした。1958年以降は写真と並行して映画制作を開始。初の監督短編映画《プル・マイ・デイジー》（1959年）をはじめ約20本の映画を制作する。1972年写真集《私の手の詩》を限定出版。1994年から回顧展《ムービング・アウト》が世界各地を巡回した。
→関連項目ウィノグランド｜メカス

フランク

ドイツ出身の米国の物理学者。1920年ゲッティンゲン大学教授。G.ヘルツと協力して，水銀等の原子に種々の運動エネルギーをもつ電子をあて，原子のエネルギー吸収があるとびとびの値をもって行われること（エネルギー準位の存在），およびこれにより励起された原子が放出するスペクトルの振動数に量子的関係が成立することを明らかにし，ボーアの原子構造論（原子構造）に実験的裏づけを与えた。1925年ヘルツとともにノーベル物理学賞。ナチスの政策に反対し1935年渡米，1938年シカゴ大学教授。第２次大戦中は原爆開発計画に参加，1945年日本への原爆投下に反対する《フランク報告》を起草したが政府は無視。

フランク

フランケンとも。西ゲルマンに属する部族。Frankとは本来自由，大胆を意味する語で，古くはこの部族名はなかったが，３世紀ころから，ライン川東岸中下流域に居住するサリ族，リプアリア族などの多くのゲルマン小部族を漠然と示す呼称になった。４世紀以降ライン川を越えてガリア方面に移動。５世紀末サリ族の首長クロービスが他の部族を合わせてフランク王国を建て，中世前期の西欧の最大の勢力となった。→ゲルマン人
→関連項目イタリア｜民族大移動

フランク

いわゆる《アンネの日記》を書いた少女として知られる。ドイツのフランクフルト・アム・マインのユダヤ系実業家の家に生まれ，1933年アムステルダムに移住。ドイツ占領下で家族とともに隠れ住んだが1944年８月逮捕され，1945年３月ベルゲン・ベルゼン収容所で病死した。隠れ家で書いた２年間の日記が父親オットーにより出版（1947年）され，世界中で読まれた。
→関連項目アンネの日記