...After the research of PG Vinogradov, E. Durkheim, M. Weber, and others, in the 20th century, anthropology became dominated by empirical research that involved long-term participant observation of the target culture, and comparative sociological evaluation based on the accumulation of research and studies of individual ethnic groups and cultures began to replace the chronological evolutionary theory. This was the structural-functionalism of AR Radcliffe-Brown and BK Malinowski, and the comparative study of African political systems from this standpoint was attempted in African political systems (1940) edited by M. Fortes and Evans Pritchard. They classify political organizations into three categories: (1) small local communities in which kinship overlaps with political phenomena; (2) unilineal descent groups with well-developed kinship relationships that handle political issues but lack the centralization of authority, administrative structure, and judicial system that could be called a government; and (3) those with clear governments (legislative, executive, and judicial bodies) in which wealth and status correspond to the distribution of authority and power. They mainly cite examples of (2) and (3) from African tribes. *Some of the terminology used to refer to "African political systems" is listed below. Source | Heibonsha World Encyclopedia 2nd Edition | Information |
…その後,P.G.ビノグラドフ,E.デュルケーム,M.ウェーバーらの研究を経て,20世紀にはいると人類学は対象とする文化に長期参加観察を行う実証的研究が主流となり,時系列に沿った進化説に代わって個別的な民族,文化の調査・研究の蓄積の上に立った比較社会学的な評価が始まった。A.R.ラドクリフ・ブラウン,B.K.マリノフスキーらの構造・機能主義がそれであるが,この立場からアフリカの政治制度の比較研究を試みたのがM.フォーテスとエバンズ・プリッチャードの編集した《アフリカの政治諸体系African political systems》(1940)である。2人は政治組織を(1)小地域社会で,血縁関係が政治現象と重なり合うもの,(2)血縁関係の発展した単系出自集団が政治的問題を扱うが,政府と呼ばれるような権威の集中,行政機構,司法制度をもたないもの,(3)明らかな政府(立法・行政・司法機関)をもち,富と地位が権威・権力の分布に対応しているものの三つに分類し,もっぱら(2)と(3)の実例をアフリカの諸部族から拾い出している。… ※「《African political systems》」について言及している用語解説の一部を掲載しています。 出典|株式会社平凡社世界大百科事典 第2版について | 情報 |
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