This is a quantum mechanical theory that describes fields with infinite degrees of freedom, and is suitable for dealing with phenomena in which the number of particles changes. In this theory, particles are associated with fields, and the quantum of the field that appears as a result of quantizing the field (→ second quantization) is identified with the particle. The characteristic of a quantum field is that its number changes, and elementary particles that are created or destroyed through interactions are particularly appropriate to describe as the corresponding quantum of the field. Elementary particles with spins of 0, 1/2, and 1 are represented by quantized scalar fields, spinor fields, and vector fields, respectively. For example, the pion is a quantum of a pseudoscalar field that follows the Klein-Gordon equation, and the electron is a quantum of a spinor field that follows the Dirac equation. Quantum field theory is almost the only theory that can describe elementary particles in a unified manner, but it has difficulties with divergence. The fusion of general relativity and quantum theory has not yet been completed. The method of quantum field theory is also an indispensable tool in many-body problems in condensed matter physics. Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia About Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia Information |
無限の自由度をもつ場を量子力学的に記述する理論で,粒子数の変化する現象を扱うのに適している。この理論では,粒子に場が対応させられ,場を量子化 (→第二量子化 ) した結果出現する場の量子が粒子と同一視される。場の量子の特徴はその数が変化することであり,特に相互作用によって生成されたり消滅されたりする素粒子は対応する場の量子として記述するのが適切である。スピン 0,1/2,1 の素粒子はそれぞれ量子化されたスカラー場,スピノル場,ベクトル場で表現される。たとえば,π中間子はクライン=ゴルドン方程式に従う擬スカラー場の量子,電子はディラック方程式に従うスピノル場の量子である。場の量子論は素粒子を統一的に記述しうるほとんど唯一の理論であるが,発散の困難をかかえている。一般相対性理論と量子論の融合はまだ完成していない。場の量子論の方法は物性論の多体問題でも不可欠の手段となっている。
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