Salt and Iron Theory - Entetsuron

Japanese: 塩鉄論 - えんてつろん
Salt and Iron Theory - Entetsuron

Written by Huan Kuan of the Western Han Dynasty in China. 10 volumes, 60 chapters. This book is a compilation of the contents of a debate held at the imperial court in the 6th year of Shiyuan (81 B.C.) under Emperor Zhao of the Western Han Dynasty, regarding the monopoly system for salt, iron, and alcohol. Based on the records of the time, Huan Kuan (reigned 73 B.C.-49 B.C.) reorganized and embellished the contents. The people summoned to this debate were over 60 people, including Prime Minister Che Qianqiu, Chief Censor Sang Hongyang, and their subordinate officials from the government, and from the local areas, Xianliang and Wenhua (both bureaucratic candidates recommended by local officials). The former advocated the continuation of the monopoly system based on legalist ideology, while the latter advocated its abolition based on Confucian ideology. The monopoly on salt, iron, and other items was started during the reign of Emperor Wu as a measure to increase national revenue, but dissatisfaction grew as it harmed the interests of the general public, and when the next emperor, Emperor Zhao, invited wise men and literary scholars to the country, calls for abolition emerged, to which government officials responded on the grounds of the need to maintain finances. "Discussion on Salt and Iron" is not merely a record of the time, but can also be considered a literary work that depicts the debate in a dramatic style, with questions and answers. It is a valuable document that conveys the political, economic, social, and ideological situation of the time.

[Yoshinobu Sakaide]

"On Salt and Iron, translated by Taketoshi Sato (Heibonsha, Toyo Bunko)"

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

中国、前漢時代の桓寛(かんかん)の著。10巻60篇(ぺん)。前漢、昭帝の始元6年(前81)、朝廷で行われた塩、鉄、酒の専売制度に関する討論内容を、宣帝(在位前73~前49)のときの人桓寛が、当時の記録をもとに、これに整理潤色を加えて編纂(へんさん)したものである。この討論会に招集されたのは、政府側から丞相(じょうしょう)(総理大臣)車千秋(しゃせんしゅう)、御史大夫(ぎょしたいふ)(監察官)桑弘羊(そうこうよう)およびそれぞれの属官、地方からは賢良、文学(ともに地方官推挙の官僚候補者)など60余名で、前者は法家思想に立脚して専売制の存続を主張し、後者は儒家思想に基づいて、その廃止を唱えた。塩、鉄などの専売は、武帝の時代に国家財政の増収対策の一つとして始められたものだが、一般民衆の利益を損なうものだったので不満が募り、そこで次の昭帝になって、賢良、文学の士が招かれたときに廃止論が台頭し、これに対して政権担当者から、財政維持の必要からする反駁(はんばく)が出されたのである。『塩鉄論』は当時の記録そのものではなくて、討論のようすが戯曲風に問答体で描かれた文学作品ともいえる。当時の政治や経済、社会、思想の状況を伝える貴重な文献である。

[坂出祥伸]

『佐藤武敏訳『塩鉄論』(平凡社・東洋文庫)』

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