Refers to protected non-Muslims living in the Islamic world. Strictly speaking, only "People of the Book" (Ahl al-Kitab), i.e. Christians and Jews, are recognized as dhimmis, but in reality, Zoroastrians in Iran and Hindus in India were also treated as dhimmis. Dhimmis were required to pay a jizya (poll tax), but in return, they were guaranteed the safety of their lives and property and freedom of religion. However, they were prohibited from building new churches or synagogues, and from marrying Muslim women. They were also not allowed to carry weapons or ride horses, and were expected to wear special belts and hats as a mark of their status. However, in reality, the treatment of dhimmis varied considerably depending on the ruler, and while there were times when dhimmis played important political and economic roles, there were also times when they suffered from discriminatory treatment. [Masataka Takeshita] Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
イスラム世界に居住する、保護された非ムスリムをさす。厳密には、『啓典の民』(アフル・アル・キターブ)、すなわち、キリスト教徒、ユダヤ教徒だけがジンミーとして認められるが、実際にはイランではゾロアスター教徒、インドではヒンドゥー教徒もジンミーとして待遇された。ジンミーはジズヤ(人頭税)の支払いが義務づけられているかわりに、生命・財産の安全と信仰の自由が保証された。しかし、新しい教会やシナゴーグ(ユダヤ教の会堂)の建築、ムスリム女性との結婚は禁止されている。また武器の携帯や乗馬は望ましくなく、特別な腰帯や帽子を目印として着用することが望ましいとされた。しかし、実際には、ジンミーの処遇は為政者によってかなりの違いがあり、ジンミーが政治的・経済的に重要な役割を果たした時代もあれば、差別的な待遇を受け苦しんだ時代もあった。 [竹下政孝] 出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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