X-ray diffraction

Japanese: X線回折 - えっくすせんかいせつ
X-ray diffraction

X-rays (Roentgen rays) were discovered by the German Roentgen in 1895, but their true nature remained a mystery for over 10 years. However, their ability to penetrate materials and capture their shadows on photographs has been used since their discovery to treat fractures and other conditions. It was assumed that X-rays were electromagnetic waves with a short wavelength (about 1 angstrom = 0.1 nanometers), but it was the German Laue who proved this. He thought that if X-rays were waves, they would diffract. In addition, a model had been proposed in which atoms in crystals are regularly arranged at intervals of about a few angstroms, so in 1912, he used a crystal as a diffraction grating and succeeded in taking an X-ray diffraction image. Since then, X-ray diffraction has become an important research tool for elucidating the structure of materials, especially crystal structure. Similar diffraction phenomena caused by crystals can also be observed with electron beams and neutron beams. There are the following methods for observing X-ray diffraction.

(1) Laue method: A single crystal is irradiated with X-rays with a continuous wavelength distribution (continuous X-rays), and a Laue photograph consisting of many Laue spots is taken on a photographic film placed in front of or behind the crystal.

(2) Rotating crystal method: A small crystal is rotated around a certain crystal axis, and monochromatic X-rays are irradiated onto it to record many Bragg reflections on photographic film at once.

(3) Method using an X-ray diffractometer: An X-ray diffractometer is a measuring device with multiple rotation axes that can automatically perform a series of operations: adjusting the crystal orientation so that Bragg reflections occur from each lattice plane, and then moving the counter to an orientation where the Bragg reflections can be measured and measuring the reflection intensity. This is often used for precise research into crystal structure. Usually, monochromatic X-rays are applied to a single crystal to perform the measurements.

(4) Debye-Scherrer method (also called powder crystallography): This method is applied to powder samples and polycrystalline substances. Monochromatic X-rays are used to record the diffracted X-rays from the sample that correspond to the Debye-Scherrer rings using photography or an X-ray diffractometer.

[Koutaro Ishida]

"X-Ray Diffraction Analysis" by Kato Seiki (1990, Uchida Rokakuho)""X-Ray Diffraction and Structural Evaluation" by Kato Norio (1995, Asakura Shoten)""X-Ray Structural Analysis - Determining the Arrangement of Atomic Elements" by Waseda Yoshio and Matsubara Eiichiro, supervised by Doyama Masao et al. (1998, Uchida Rokakuho)""X-Ray Diffraction Introduction" by BD Cullity, translated by Matsumura Gentaro, new edition (1999, Agne Shofusha)"

[References] | X-rays | Diffraction | Debye-Scherrer rings | Bragg reflections | Laue | Laue photography

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

X線(レントゲン線)は1895年ドイツのレントゲンによって発見されたが、その正体は10年以上も不明であった。しかし、物質を透過して写真にその影を写す性質は発見当初から骨折などの治療に利用されていた。X線は波長の短い電磁波(1オングストローム=0.1ナノメートル程度)であろうという推定はされていたが、これを実証したのはドイツのラウエである。彼はX線が波であれば回折するであろうと考えた。また、結晶は原子が数オングストローム程度の間隔で規則的に配列しているとのモデルが提案されていたので、1912年、結晶を回折格子として利用し、X線による回折像の撮影に成功した。以後、X線回折は物質構造、とくに結晶構造解明の重要な研究手段になった。同様の結晶による回折現象は電子線や中性子線によっても観測される。X線回折を観察するには次のような方法がある。

(1)ラウエ法 単結晶に連続波長分布のX線(連続X線)を当て、結晶の前あるいは後ろに置かれた写真フィルム上に多くのラウエ斑点(はんてん)からなるラウエ写真を撮影する。

(2)回転結晶法 ある結晶軸の周りに小結晶を回転させながら、これに単色X線を当て、写真フィルムの上に一挙に多くのブラッグ反射を記録する方法。

(3)X線回折計(X線ディフラクトメーター)による方法 X線回折計は、それぞれの格子面からブラッグ反射がおこるように結晶の方位を調整し、かつそのブラッグ反射が測定できるような方位に計数管をもっていって反射強度を測定する、という一連の操作を自動的に遂行できるように複数の回転軸をもつ測定装置。結晶構造の精密な研究には、多くの場合これを利用する。通常は単色X線を単結晶に当て測定する。

(4)デバイ‐シェラー法(粉末結晶法という) 粉末試料や多結晶質の物質に適用する方法で、単色X線を用いて試料からのデバイ‐シェラー環に相当する回折X線を写真法あるいはX線回折計によって記録する。

[石田興太郎]

『加藤誠軌著『X線回折分析』(1990・内田老鶴圃)』『加藤範夫著『X線回折と構造評価』(1995・朝倉書店)』『早稲田嘉夫・松原英一郎著、堂山昌男他監修『X線構造解析――原子の配列を決める』(1998・内田老鶴圃)』『B. D. Cullity著、松村源太郎訳『X線回折要論』新版(1999・アグネ承風社)』

[参照項目] | X線 | 回折 | デバイ‐シェラー環 | ブラッグ反射 | ラウエ | ラウエ写真

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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