Cartive - Cartive

Japanese: カーティブ - かーてぃぶ

...After the Song Dynasty, when the literati bureaucracy, mainly consisting of those who had passed the imperial examination, and the practical administrative class were clearly separated, the intermediate scribal positions were considered to be the role of administrative officials following the line of the imperial historians, and positions such as the Chief Secretary of the Ministry of Government disappeared with the end of the rule of the warriors. [Umehara Iku]
[Islamic Society]
In Arabic, scribes or secretaries were called kātib, and were generally called "men of the pen" in contrast to military men, and played an active role as technical bureaucrats in Islamic dynasties. While the creation of official documents had been consistently carried out by Arabs since the time of Muhammad, local administrative documents and tax ledgers were created in the early period by local non-Muslims who were proficient in medieval Persian, Syriac, Coptic, etc., and after the 8th century, as the Diwan became Arabized and Islamized, the number of local Mawali and Arab Muslim scribes increased.

From Wajir

...However, as the caliphate system was later centralized, the wazirs gradually took on the role of deputies, rather than merely assistants to the caliph, and eventually, towards the end of the 9th century, they became the heads of almost all administrative agencies, and sometimes even held the power to appoint governors, tax commissioners, and judges in each province, directing the overall affairs of the state on behalf of the caliph. Most of these wazirs were from the khatib (scribal) class of the Mawari, or their descendants, and had been in government service for many years, with many having experience as heads of various tax-related offices. However, some were from the merchant class or had started out as peddlers, made their fortunes, and became viziers through tax collectors. ...

*Some of the terminology explanations that mention "Cartive" are listed below.

Source | Heibonsha World Encyclopedia 2nd Edition | Information

Japanese:

…宋以後，科挙出身者を中心とした文人士大夫官僚と，実務に携わる胥吏（しより）階級が明確に分かれると，中間的な書記の官は令史の流れをひく胥吏の役目とみなされ，節度掌書記などは武人支配の終焉とともに消滅してしまう。【梅原郁】
［イスラム社会］
　アラビア語で書記あるいは秘書をカーティブkātibとよび，軍人に対して〈筆の人〉と総称され，イスラム諸王朝の技術官僚として活躍した。公文書の作成は，ムハンマド時代以来一貫してアラブ人によって行われたが，地方の行政文書や租税台帳は，初期の時代には中世ペルシア語，シリア語，コプト語などをよくする現地人の非イスラム教徒によって作成され，8世紀以後，ディーワーンのアラブ化とイスラム化につれて現地人マワーリーとアラブ人ムスリムの書記が増大した。…

【ワジール】より

…しかし，その後カリフ体制の中央集権化を図るうえから，ワジールはカリフの単なる補佐役から，しだいに代務者の役割を果たすようになり，やがて9世紀末近くなると，ほとんどすべての行政機関の統括者になるとともに，ときには各州の総督や税務長官，裁判官の任命権をも掌握し，カリフに代わって国政の全般を指揮した。こうしたワジールの大半はマワーリーの書記(カーティブ)階級出身者かその子孫かで，長年官庁業務に従事し，とりわけ税務関係の諸官庁長官の経験者が多かった。しかし，なかには商人階級出身者や行商から身を起こして財をなし，徴税請負人を経て宰相になった者もいる。…

※「カーティブ」について言及している用語解説の一部を掲載しています。

出典｜株式会社平凡社世界大百科事典第２版について | 情報

<<: Cardiff Castle - Cardiff Castle

>>: Doctoral Program - Doctoral Program