A bowl for serving soup or rice was originally called a bowl for ceramics and a bowl for wooden ones, but later, ceramic bowls for serving rice that were converted from tea utensils came to be called chawan. Therefore, the term bowl is now limited to wooden bowls for serving soup or rice. Historically, it is thought to have started with earthenware bowls, but with the development of woodworking, bowls came to be made by hollowing out wood. Unprocessed bowls seem to have been used for quite some time, but there were limitations to their use, and in the Heian period, lacquering technology was developed and wooden bowls began to be lacquered. Then, wooden bowls that were lacquered became the norm. Furthermore, once lacquering became possible, it became possible to make the bowl's base thinner, and the patterns and other processing became more detailed, so bowls developed into works of art as well as everyday items. There are many different types of bowls depending on the purpose. In addition to bowls for miso soup, there are also bowls for soup, bowls for sweet soup, and large bowls for serving soupy stews. Because the bowls are made of wood, they have high thermal insulation properties, and even if you put hot soup in them, your lips will not feel the heat directly when you bring them to your mouth. This means that you can enjoy the heat of the hot food, and it also has the advantage that the food inside, mainly the soup, does not cool down easily. Until the beginning of the Edo period, wooden bowls were almost always used to serve food, but with the development of ceramic tea bowls, wooden bowls became less and less common, and are now only used for soup bowls and for serving some dishes. The reason for this is that lacquering is time-consuming and requires care, and if used casually like ceramics, the lacquer may peel or crack. Another reason for the decline in the use of bowls is thought to be their high cost. Bowls have their own characteristics depending on the lacquer production area, and have the advantage of imparting a unique flavor to food. In recent years, plastic bowls and lacquered plastic bowls instead of wood have become available. [Tomomi Kono and Midori Otaki] "Japanese Tableware - Freely Arrange Your Plates" (1997, Dohosha Publishing) ▽ "Illustrated Japanese Tableware - Exploring the Food Culture" by Nobutake Kanzaki (1998, Kawade Shobo Shinsha) Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
汁や飯などを盛る食器で、陶磁器製のものは碗、木製のものは椀の字をあてたが、のちに、茶器から転用された飯用の陶磁器のものは茶碗とよばれるようになった。そのため、現在では椀といえば、木製の汁や飯を盛る食器のみに限定されている。歴史的には、土器の碗が始まりと考えられるが、木工の発達により、木をくりぬいて椀がつくられるようになった。加工を施さない椀は、かなり古くから用いられていたようであるが、使用上、限界があり、平安時代になると、漆塗りの技術が生まれ、木椀に漆加工が施されるようになった。そして、椀は、木製のものに漆塗りを施したものが中心となっていった。また、漆加工ができるようになると、椀の生地(きじ)の厚みも、薄く仕上げることが可能となり、さらに、模様などの加工も細かくなり、日常品であるとともに、芸術品としても発展することになった。 椀は、目的により、形態の異なるものが数多く存在する。汁椀では、みそ汁に使うもののほか、吸い物椀、汁粉椀など、また、汁の多い煮物などを盛る大ぶりの椀もある。 椀は、木製であるため、断熱性が高く、熱い汁物を入れても、口にもっていったとき、直接熱さを唇に感じさせない。したがって、熱いものを、熱さを楽しみながら味わうことができるとともに、中の料理、主として汁物などが冷めにくいという利点もある。 江戸時代の初めまでは、ほとんど木椀が料理の盛付けに用いられていたが、陶磁器による茶碗の発達とともに、木椀はだんだん少なくなり、汁椀や一部料理の盛付け程度に用いられているのが現状である。その理由は、漆塗りは手間と時間がかかるとともに、使用にあたって注意点があり、陶磁器のように簡便に使うと、はげたり、割れたりするといった点もあると思われる。それと、高価な点が、椀を少なくした理由とも考えられる。椀は漆塗りの産地ごとに特徴があり、独特の味わいを料理に与える利点がある。なお、近年は、プラスチック製のものや、木のかわりにプラスチックに漆を塗ったものなども出回っている。 [河野友美・大滝 緑] 『『和食器――盛り付け自由自在』(1997・同朋舎出版)』▽『神崎宣武著『図説 日本のうつわ――食事の文化を探る』(1998・河出書房新社)』 出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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