Born: November 7, 1903 in Vienna Died: February 27, 1989. Austrian zoologist from Altenburg. His father was an orthopedic surgeon and professor at the University of Vienna. From an early age, he had a love of keeping animals. From 1922, he studied medicine at Columbia University and the University of Vienna. At the same time, he kept jackdaws and studied their behavior. In the 1930s, he began studying the habits of various birds, which earned him international acclaim. He was a private lecturer in comparative anatomy and animal psychology at the University of Vienna (1937) and head of the psychology department at the Albert University in Königsberg (1940-1942). After World War II, he founded the Max Planck Institute for Behavioral Physiology and Oral Sciences and became its director. By comparing and correlating the behaviors of different kinds of animals, he paved the way for the study of animal behavior as a subject of modern science. He elucidated the mechanism by which innate behaviors are induced by external stimuli. He brought about groundbreaking advances in the understanding of animal behavior, such as showing that stimuli received shortly after birth determine behavioral patterns throughout an individual's life, and that seemingly complex behavior can be interpreted as a combination of simple impulses, thus establishing the field of research known as ethology or behavioral behavior. Lorenz's ethology also included humans as a research subject, and in his 1963 book Das sogennante Böse (Aggression), he argued that the innate aggression of animals is the cause of wars in human society, and that wars can be prevented by venting aggression in other ways, which caused a great stir. In 1973, he was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine along with N. Tinbergen and G. Frisch for his contributions to the scientific elucidation of behavior. Lorentz |
[生]1903.11.7. ウィーン [没]1989.2.27. アルテンブルク オーストリアの動物学者。父は整形外科医でウィーン大学教授。幼時より動物の飼育を好む。 1922年より,コロンビア,ウィーン両大学で医学を学ぶ。そのかたわらコクマルガラスを飼育してその行動を研究。 30年代よりさまざまな鳥について習性の研究を行い,国際的な評価を受ける。ウィーン大学の比較解剖学および動物心理学私講師 (1937) ,ケーニヒスベルクのアルベルツス大学心理学部長 (40~42) 。第2次世界大戦後,マックス・プランク行動生理学研究所を創設し,所長となる。異なる種類の動物にみられる行動を比較し関連づけることにより,動物の行動を近代科学の対象として研究する道を開いた。生れつきそなわっている行動が外界からの刺激によって誘発される機構を解明。生後まもなく受けた刺激が,その個体の一生を通じて行動パターンを規定することや,一見複雑な行動も単純な衝動の組合せとして解釈できることを示すなど動物の行動の理解に画期的進歩をもたらし,動物行動学ないし習性学と呼ばれる研究領域をつくり上げた。ローレンツの動物行動学は研究対象に人間も含んでおり,たとえば 63年に著わした『攻撃』 Das sogennante Böseでは動物が一般的に生れつきもっている攻撃性が人間社会の戦争の原因であると論じ,他の方法で攻撃を発散させることにより戦争の防止が可能であると説いて,大きな反響を呼んだ。 73年に,行動を科学的に解明した功績により,N.ティンベルヘン,G.フリッシュとともに,ノーベル生理学・医学賞を受賞した。 ローレンツ
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