Lorenz, Konrad Zacharias

Japanese: ローレンツ(英語表記)Lorenz, Konrad Zacharias
Lorenz, Konrad Zacharias
Born: November 7, 1903 in Vienna
Died: February 27, 1989. Austrian zoologist from Altenburg. His father was an orthopedic surgeon and professor at the University of Vienna. From an early age, he had a love of keeping animals. From 1922, he studied medicine at Columbia University and the University of Vienna. At the same time, he kept jackdaws and studied their behavior. In the 1930s, he began studying the habits of various birds, which earned him international acclaim. He was a private lecturer in comparative anatomy and animal psychology at the University of Vienna (1937) and head of the psychology department at the Albert University in Königsberg (1940-1942). After World War II, he founded the Max Planck Institute for Behavioral Physiology and Oral Sciences and became its director. By comparing and correlating the behaviors of different kinds of animals, he paved the way for the study of animal behavior as a subject of modern science. He elucidated the mechanism by which innate behaviors are induced by external stimuli. He brought about groundbreaking advances in the understanding of animal behavior, such as showing that stimuli received shortly after birth determine behavioral patterns throughout an individual's life, and that seemingly complex behavior can be interpreted as a combination of simple impulses, thus establishing the field of research known as ethology or behavioral behavior. Lorenz's ethology also included humans as a research subject, and in his 1963 book Das sogennante Böse (Aggression), he argued that the innate aggression of animals is the cause of wars in human society, and that wars can be prevented by venting aggression in other ways, which caused a great stir. In 1973, he was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine along with N. Tinbergen and G. Frisch for his contributions to the scientific elucidation of behavior.

Lorentz
Lorentz, Hendrik Antoon

Born: July 18, 1853, Arnhem
Died: February 4, 1928, Haarlem. Dutch physicist. Graduated from Leiden University and became professor there (1878). Director of the Tyler Laboratory in Haarlem (1912). He began by studying the theory of reflection and refraction of electromagnetic waves by dielectric materials and metals (1875), and then went on to consider the relationship between the density and refractive index of a medium (80) and the dispersion of light. In 1896, he explained the Zeeman effect using a theory that assumed the existence of electrons in materials, and developed a theory of electrons to explain various properties of materials (→Lorentz's electron theory). He was one of the first to propose the idea of ​​local time to explain the results of the Michelson-Morley experiment (95), and in 1904 he derived the Lorentz transformations, establishing a theory that was mathematically almost equivalent to Einstein's special theory of relativity, which was proposed the following year. In 2002, he was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics.

Lorentz
Laurents, Arthur

Born: July 14, 1917, New York, New York
[Died] May 5, 2011. New York, New York. American playwright and screenwriter. Graduated from Cornell University in 1937. He attracted attention with Home of the Brave (1945, filmed in 1949), which dealt with anti-Semitism in the military. Other notable works include Time of the Cuckoo (1952), a bittersweet romance of a middle-aged single woman. Time of the Cuckoo was made into a film in 1955, directed by David Lean and starring Katharine Hepburn (Japanese title: Journey). He also wrote the scripts for musicals such as West Side Story (1957, filmed in 1961) and Gypsy (1959, filmed in 1962).

Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia About Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia Information

Japanese:
[生]1903.11.7. ウィーン
[没]1989.2.27. アルテンブルク
オーストリアの動物学者。父は整形外科医でウィーン大学教授。幼時より動物の飼育を好む。 1922年より,コロンビア,ウィーン両大学で医学を学ぶ。そのかたわらコクマルガラスを飼育してその行動を研究。 30年代よりさまざまな鳥について習性の研究を行い,国際的な評価を受ける。ウィーン大学の比較解剖学および動物心理学私講師 (1937) ,ケーニヒスベルクのアルベルツス大学心理学部長 (40~42) 。第2次世界大戦後,マックス・プランク行動生理学研究所を創設し,所長となる。異なる種類の動物にみられる行動を比較し関連づけることにより,動物の行動を近代科学の対象として研究する道を開いた。生れつきそなわっている行動が外界からの刺激によって誘発される機構を解明。生後まもなく受けた刺激が,その個体の一生を通じて行動パターンを規定することや,一見複雑な行動も単純な衝動の組合せとして解釈できることを示すなど動物の行動の理解に画期的進歩をもたらし,動物行動学ないし習性学と呼ばれる研究領域をつくり上げた。ローレンツの動物行動学は研究対象に人間も含んでおり,たとえば 63年に著わした『攻撃』 Das sogennante Böseでは動物が一般的に生れつきもっている攻撃性が人間社会の戦争の原因であると論じ,他の方法で攻撃を発散させることにより戦争の防止が可能であると説いて,大きな反響を呼んだ。 73年に,行動を科学的に解明した功績により,N.ティンベルヘン,G.フリッシュとともに,ノーベル生理学・医学賞を受賞した。

ローレンツ
Lorentz, Hendrik Antoon

[生]1853.7.18. アルンヘム
[没]1928.2.4. ハールレム
オランダの物理学者。ライデン大学を卒業,同大学教授 (1878) 。ハールレムのタイラー研究所所長 (1912) 。誘電物質や金属による電磁波の反射および屈折の理論 (1875) を手始めに,媒質の密度と屈折率の関係 (80) ,光の分散の考察などを経て,1896年,物質中における電子の存在を仮定した理論によってゼーマン効果を説明し,物質のいろいろな性質を説明するために電子論を展開した (→ローレンツの電子論 ) 。マイケルソン=モーリーの実験結果を説明するために,いちはやく局所時間の考えを提唱し (95) ,1904年にはローレンツ変換を導いて,翌年提出されたアインシュタインの特殊相対性理論と数学的にはほぼ同等の理論を打立てた。 02年ノーベル物理学賞を受賞した。

ローレンツ
Laurents, Arthur

[生]1917.7.14. ニューヨーク,ニューヨーク
[没]2011.5.5. ニューヨーク,ニューヨーク
アメリカ合衆国の劇作家,映画脚本家。1937年コーネル大学を卒業。軍隊における反ユダヤ主義を扱った『勇者の故郷』Home of the Brave(1945,1949映画化)で注目を集めた。代表作はほかに,中年の独身女性のほろ苦いロマンスを描いた『郭公の季節』Time of the Cuckoo(1952)。『郭公の季節』は 1955年,デビッド・リーン監督,キャサリン・ヘップバーン主演により映画化された(邦題『旅情』)。『ウエスト・サイド物語』West Side Story(1957,1961映画化),『ジプシー』Gypsy(1959,1962映画化)などのミュージカル台本も手がけた。

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