This is a process to chemically separate and reuse uranium 235, which remains in the residue of spent uranium fuel removed from a nuclear reactor, and fissile plutonium 239, which is formed when non-fissile uranium 238 absorbs neutrons. It has been developed in various countries since the late 1950s, but many countries have stopped for economic and policy reasons, and only the UK and France operate it commercially. In Japan, the Power Reactor and Nuclear Fuel Development Corporation (DNF) completed a reprocessing plant (with a daily capacity of 0.7 tons of metallic uranium) in Tokai-mura, Ibaraki Prefecture in 1977. Japan Nuclear Fuel is also building a reprocessing facility in Rokkasho-mura, Aomori Prefecture. There are various methods for reprocessing, such as precipitation, ion exchange, solvent extraction, and pyrometallurgy, but the most widely used method is solvent extraction, in which the residue of spent fuel is dissolved in nitrates or the like. Safe disposal of radioactive waste generated by reprocessing is an important issue. Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia About Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia Information |
原子炉から取り出した使用済みのウラン燃料の燃えかすの中に残るウラン 235や,非核分裂性のウラン 238が中性子を吸収してできた分裂性のプルトニウム 239などを,資源の有効利用のため化学的に分離して再使用できるかたちにするプロセスのこと。 1950年代後半から各国で開発されてきたが,経済的,政策的理由で中止した国が多く,商業的に操業しているのはイギリスとフランスである。日本では動力炉・核燃料開発事業団 (動燃) が茨城県東海村に再処理工場 (1日あたりの能力は金属ウランで 0.7t) を 1977年に完成させた。日本原燃も青森県六ヶ所村に再処理施設を建設中である。再処理には,沈殿法,イオン交換法,溶媒抽出法,高温冶金法などいろいろな方法が考えられているが,いちばん広く用いられているのは,使用済み燃料の燃えかすを硝酸塩などに溶かす溶媒抽出法である。再処理によって生ずる放射性廃棄物の安全処理は重要課題である。
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