Lobbying - Lobbying (English spelling)

Japanese: ロビイング - ろびいんぐ(英語表記)lobbying
Lobbying - Lobbying (English spelling)

This is an extra-legal activity that promotes or blocks legislation in Congress for the benefit of pressure groups, and also exercises influence to that end. It is also called lobbying. Originally a term used in the US Congress, it has recently been used in other countries as well. The word "lobby" was originally used to refer to a waiting room where legislators meet with outsiders, and the term was coined because lobbyists mainly worked in this space. Lobbyists are stationed in Washington, the capital, or in the seat of state or local government, and use their extensive knowledge of parliamentary procedures, parliamentary rules, and the status of bill deliberations to exert various types of pressure, both hard and soft, on legislators and influential people in their districts. The number of lobbyists stationed in Washington was said to be 20,000 in 1944, and the number is probably not lower today. Many lobbyists are lawyers, and former legislators are also well qualified. Because their activities often led to political corruption, the Federal Lobbying Control Act was enacted in 1946, requiring lobbyists to register their names and activities with the secretariats of both the House and Senate. Their methods of activity include direct lobbying, which works directly on Congress, and indirect lobbying, which works on and mobilizes public opinion to indirectly influence legislation. Large corporations set up political activity programs within the company, aiming to develop grassroots movements and form coalitions. A recent trend is that the executive branch and courts other than Congress, especially the executive branch, have become important targets of lobbying.

[Taguchi Fukuji]

[References] | Pressure groups

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

圧力団体の利益のために、議会で立法の促進や阻止にあたり、かつ、それに役だつ影響力を行使する院外活動のこと。ロビー活動ともいう。もともとアメリカの議会用語であるが、最近その他の国でも用いられている。ロビーとはもともと議員が院外者と面会する控室のことで、運動員(ロビイスト)がおもにここを舞台として活動したことから、このことばが生まれた。ロビイストは、首府のワシントンや州や地方政府の所在地に常駐し、議事手続、議院規則、法案審議状況についてのその豊富な知識を駆使して、議員ならびに彼らの選挙区の有力者に硬軟両様の諸種の圧力手段を行使する。ワシントン駐在のロビイスト数は1944年に2万人といわれたが、その数は現在もそれを下回らないであろう。ロビイストの職業は弁護士が多く、前議員も有力な資格者である。彼らの活動は、しばしば政治的腐敗を生み出したため、1946年「連邦ロビイング統制法」が制定され、ロビイストは、その氏名、活動等を上下両院事務局に登録することを義務づけられた。彼らの活動方式としては、直接議会に働きかける直接ロビイングと、世論に働きかけ、動員することによって間接的に立法に影響を与える間接ロビイングがある。大企業などでは、企業内に政治活動プログラムを設置し、草の根運動の展開や協調戦線coalitionの結成が目ざされる。また最近の傾向としては、議会以外の行政府と裁判所、とくに行政府がロビイングの重要な対象となってきている。

[田口富久治]

[参照項目] | 圧力団体

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