German physicist. Born in Danzig (now Gdansk, Poland) as the eldest son of a merchant family. In 1701, following the sudden death of his parents, he moved to Amsterdam and began working in the manufacture of scientific equipment. He traveled around Germany for a time and exchanged letters with Leibniz. In 1717, he returned to Amsterdam and expanded his business of manufacturing densitometers and water pumps. In parallel with this business, he contributed to physical science by measuring the density, boiling point, and expansion rate of various substances, but his greatest achievement was the standardization of the scale of thermometers. His idea (1724) that the temperature inside a healthy man's mouth or armpit is 90 (later 96) and that the temperature of a mixture of ice and water is 30 (later 32) was the origin of the Fahrenheit temperature scale (in China, the characters Hualunhai were used to represent his name) that is still used in Europe and the United States today. [Seiji Takada] [References] | | |Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
ドイツの物理学者。ダンツィヒ(現、ポーランドのグダニスク)で商家の長男として生まれる。1701年、両親の急逝に伴ってアムステルダムに移り、科学機器製造の仕事に携わることになった。一時期ドイツ各地を周遊しライプニッツと文通もした。1717年アムステルダムに帰り、密度計、揚水ポンプなどの製造の事業を拡張した。そうした事業と併行して、諸物質の密度、沸点、膨張率などを測定し物性科学に貢献したが、最大の功績は温度計の目盛りの標準化である。健康な男性の口の中または腋(わき)の下の温度を90(のちに96)とし、氷と水の混合物の温度を30(のちに32)とした彼の考え(1724)は、欧米で今日も用いられる華氏温度目盛(。中国では彼の名に華倫海の文字をあてた)の発端となった。 [高田誠二] [参照項目] | | |出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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