Born: December 18, 1951. New York, New York. Economist. Full name: Alvin Eliot Roth. Pioneer of market design. Dropped out of high school at age 16 and studied at Columbia University, earning a Bachelor of Science in 1971. He then earned an MSc in 1973 and a PhD in 1974 from Stanford University, and taught at the University of Illinois from 1974 to 1982. In 1982, he became the A.W. Mellon Professor of Economics at the University of Pittsburgh, and served as a professor of business administration from 1985 to 1998. In 1998, he was appointed George Gund Professor of Economics at Harvard University, and became a professor emeritus in 2013. He has been teaching at Stanford since 2012. He recognized the validity of the Gale-Shapley algorithm, which is based on matching theory, and through empirical research, discovered that it can clarify the functioning of markets and demonstrate the importance of stability in successful organizations. He used this theory to create a program that matches American trainees with hospitals where they will be trained. In 2012, he was awarded the Nobel Prize in Economic Sciences along with Lloyd Shapley for his contributions to "stable allocation theory and the practice of market design." By combining Shapley's theory and empirical research with Ross's application to market design, it has become possible to achieve efficient matching that is mutually beneficial for organizations and individuals, and to better allocate resources in a variety of markets. loss
Roth, Philip Born: March 19, 1933, Newark, New Jersey
[Died] May 22, 2018. New York, New York. American novelist. Full name: Philip Milton Roth. Jewish. After graduating from the University of Chicago, he taught at his alma mater for two years, during which time he published short stories in magazines such as The New Yorker. At the age of 26, he published Goodbye, Columbus (1959), a collection of short and medium-length stories, which brought him instant recognition and won five awards, including the National Book Award. He subsequently published a diverse series of works, including the full-length novels Letting Go (1962), When She Was Good (1967), Portnoy's Complaint (1969), which attracted attention for its free-spirited use of slang and bold sexual descriptions, Our Gang (1971), which satirized the Nixon administration, The Breast (1972), which was reminiscent of Franz Kafka's The Metamorphosis, The Great American Novel (1973), which sharply criticized American society using professional baseball, and the confessional novel My Life as a Man (1974). He has received numerous awards, including the National Book Award (1960, 1995), the Pulitzer Prize (1998), and the PEN/Faulkner Award (1994, 2001, 2007). loss
Roth, Klaus Friedrich Born October 29, 1925. British mathematician born in Breslau, Germany. Graduated from Peterhouse College, Cambridge in 1945, and obtained his M.S. in 1948 and Ph.D. in 1950 from the University of London. After teaching at the University of London from 1948 to 1966, he served as a professor at Imperial College London until 1988. In 1958, at the International Congress of Mathematicians held in Edinburgh, England, he was awarded the Fields Medal for his work on number theory. His main research field was number theory, particularly analytic number theory, and he made great contributions to the theory of approximation of algebraic numbers by rational numbers. If α is an irrational number, there are an infinite number of rational numbers p / q that satisfy the inequality | p / q - α | < 1/ q 2 . As an extension of this, the problem of finding an upper bound on the exponent μ for an algebraic number α, such that there are infinitely many rational numbers p / q such that | p / q - α | < 1 / q μ , can be considered. This problem was improved by the work of Joseph Liouville of France in 1844, Axel Thue of Norway in 1908, Karl Ludwig Siegel of Germany in 1921, and Freeman J. Dyson of the United States in 1947, and finally, in 1955, Ross proved that the upper bound on such an exponent μ for any algebraic number is 2. He is also known for his work in analytic number theory using the sieve method by Atle Selberg. loss
Ross, Betsy Born January 1, 1752 in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
[died] January 30, 1836. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The man believed to have created the first flag of the United States. A Quaker from Philadelphia, she became an apprentice to an upholsterer, and married fellow upholsterer John Ross in 1773. By 1775, they had established their own shop. After her husband's death in 1776, she continued to work as an upholsterer, and even after remarrying twice, she continued to create ornaments, including flags, with her husband and daughters. The story that Ross was involved in the creation of the American flag was spread by a paper sent to the Pennsylvania Historical Society by her grandson, William Canby, in 1870. According to the paper, he created the Stars and Stripes in June 1776 at the request of George Washington and a committee of the Continental Congress. The flag was officially adopted as the national flag on June 14, 1777. Although Ross is known to have created naval flags, there is no solid evidence that he created the national flag. loss
Ross, John Born October 3, 1790, near Lookout Mountain, Tennessee, USA
[Died] August 1, 1866, Washington, DC, USA
American Indian, Cherokee chief. His Indian name was Koowe (Coowescoowe). He was of mixed descent from a Scottish trader and Cherokee, and received a higher education in white society. He resisted the oppression of the Cherokee in Georgia, and served as chairman of the Cherokee National Congress from 1819 to 1826, and as Grand Chief of the Eastern Cherokee from 1828 to 1839. He fought to protect the freedom and rights of the Cherokee by any means short of war. After losing the battle, he was forced to move to a designated reservation in Oklahoma in 1838. The path the Cherokee took at that time is called the "Trail of Tears." Ross united the Eastern and Western Cherokees there and became their chief. He opened an office in Washington, DC, and worked until his death to conclude the Cherokee Treaty (1866). loss
Ross, Sir John [Born] June 24, 1777. Balsarock
[Died] August 30, 1856. London. Scottish-born naval officer and Arctic explorer. Uncle of polar explorer James Clark Ross. Joined the navy in 1794 and commanded Swedish fleets in the French Revolutionary Wars and the Napoleonic Wars. His first Arctic expedition in 1818 was a failure, but his second Arctic expedition from 1829 to 1833 was a success, exploring mainly northwestern Canada and achieving valuable results. His third expedition in 1850, aimed at finding John Franklin, was also a failure. His main works are "A Voyage of Discovery" (1819) and "Narrative of a Second Voyage in Search of a North-West Passage" (1835). loss
Ross, Sir James Clark Born: April 15, 1800, London
[Died] April 3, 1862. Ayresbury, Buckinghamshire. British naval officer, Arctic and Antarctic explorer. He joined the navy in 1812, and took part in the first Arctic expedition in 1818. He subsequently conducted several Arctic expeditions, and in 1831 he determined the position of the North Magnetic Pole. From 1839 to 1843 he explored the Antarctic. In 1841 he discovered the Ross Sea. The purpose of the expedition was to make magnetic observations and reach the Antarctic magnetic pole, but he failed, and discovered Victoria Land along the way. From 1848 to 1849 he searched for J. Franklin. His main work was "A Voyage of Discovery and Research in the Southern and Antarctic Regions" (1847). loss
Ross, Sir Ronald Born: May 13, 1857, Almora
Died: September 16, 1932. London. British physician. Born in India, he returned to India after studying medicine in his home country and began researching malaria in 1892. He discovered that the malaria parasite is transmitted by the Anopheles mosquito, which led to a breakthrough in the eradication of malaria, for which he was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1902. From 1902 to 1912, he was professor of tropical medicine at the University of Liverpool. In 1912, he became a physician in the tropical diseases department at King's College Hospital in London, and in 1926, he became director of the Ross Tropical Diseases Institute. His main work is "The Prevention of Malaria" (1910). loss
Rosse, William Parsons, 3rd earl of Born: June 17, 1800, York
[Died] October 31, 1867. Monkstown British astronomer. Earl. Member of the House of Commons (1821-34), Member of the House of Lords (1841). Obsessed with the dream of building a large telescope, in 1845 he built a large telescope with a bronze reflector, 72 inches (about 1.8 m) in diameter and about 16.5 m in length, with which he observed and studied nebulae, star clusters, and galaxies. He was particularly credited with clarifying the shape of spiral galaxies. He also clarified the structural differences between galaxies and star clusters. loss
Ross, Sir William David Born: April 15, 1877.
[Died] 1971
British Greek classicist and ethicist. In 1900 he was appointed lecturer at Oriel College, Oxford University, and in 1923 he became professor of moral philosophy, and in 1929 he became president of the same college. He was a leading scholar of Aristotle, and published many revisions, commentaries, and translations of Aristotle's works. He was also the editor of the Oxford English translation of the complete works. In addition to commentaries on Aristotle's works such as "Metaphysics" and "Physics," he also wrote books on ethics such as "The Right and the Good" (1930). loss
Ross, Harold Wallace Born November 6, 1892 in Aspen, Colorado
Died December 6, 1951. American journalist, Boston. After working on the editorial staff of newspapers such as Stars and Stripes, he founded The New Yorker in 1925 and served as its editor-in-chief until his death. With the help of such excellent editors as Thurber, E.B. White, and W. Gibbs, he created a sophisticated magazine and discovered many new talent. loss
Ross, George Born May 10, 1730 in New Castle, Delaware.
Died July 14, 1779. Philadelphia. A lawyer during the American Revolution. One of the signers of the Declaration of Independence. Active as a lawyer in Lancaster, Pennsylvania. In 1776, he served as vice-president of the Pennsylvania Constitutional Convention, and worked especially hard on the Declaration of Rights. He served as a representative of the Continental Congress from 1774 to 1777. In 1779, he was a judge of the Pennsylvania Admiralty Court. loss
Ross, Martin Born: June 11, 1862, Galway
[Died] December 21, 1915. Irish female writer from Cork. Her real name was Violet Florence Martin. She was born into an old family, and from 1886 she published novels depicting 19th century Irish society in collaboration with her cousin Edith Somerville. Her most famous work is The Real Charlotte (1894). Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia About Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia Information |
