Born in the Czech Republic, he was an architect who was active mainly in Vienna, Austria. His father was a stonemason. He is also known as a critic who wrote many design and architectural treatises, including Ornament und Verbrechen (1913). After graduating from the State Vocational School in Reichenberg in Germany in 1890, he completed military service and then graduated from the Technical University in Dresden. In 1893, he travelled to the United States and visited the Chicago World's Fair, where he was introduced to modern American architecture. He then stayed in New York for a while, before returning to Vienna via London and Paris in 1896. After working at the Karl Meyreder office on projects such as the "Comprehensive Plan for Vienna," he went independent in 1897. In the same year, he completed his first architectural work, the Ebenstein Clothing Store Showroom (Vienna). After criticizing the Imperial Crafts Exhibition held in Vienna in 1998, Loos began serializing his critiques of crafts and architecture in newspapers. In modern crafts and architecture, he advocated practicality, functionality, and the rational use of materials in a modern spirit, instead of traditional and conventional decoration. This was later expanded into Ornament and Crime (a book that was published in 1913 after lectures given in Vienna, Munich, Berlin, and other places based on a draft written in 1908), in which he likened decoration to children, tattoos, and perverts and argued that it should be punished, but at the time, there was a strong backlash from the public. However, there were many intellectuals and people in the design industry who sympathized with his ideas, and he was commissioned by them to design the Goldman & Saarachel tailoring shop (1903, Vienna). The client was the owner of the Loos House, which would later become Loos's signature work. The success and reputation of the interior design of this tailoring shop led to him receiving work such as apartment renovation plans, and he went on to design cafes, including the Café Museum (1899, Vienna). He eliminated the small alcoves (recesses in the walls of a room) that were characteristic of cafes at the time, and instead created a one-room, open space under a shallow vaulted ceiling. Here, instead of the architect designing everything from the furniture to the furnishings, as was the case with Otto Wagner and the Vienna Secession, he redesigned and used bentwood chairs by Thonet (furniture made by Michael Thonet, an Austrian furniture master), which were widely available. In addition, in the Kärntner Bar (1908, Vienna), he created a classical appearance using four marble columns on the façade and a coffered ceiling (a ceiling with supports attached to the wall and ceiling) in the interior, while boldly lining the space with mirrors to create an infinite space with a forest of columns, creating a unique space. It was the Michaeler House (commonly known as Loos House, Vienna, 1911) that established Loos' reputation as an architect. This eight-story commercial and residential building faces the Imperial Palace on Michaelerplatz, and its plain, smooth façade, which appeared during construction, drew public criticism. There were many twists and turns, including an order to halt construction from the city authorities, but the building was completed. However, the store area at the base is not necessarily undecorated, as it adheres to a classical structure, with four Tuscan columns forming an imposing portico. Loos's reference to classicism is most evident in his proposal for the Chicago Tribune competition (1922). This is a monumental skyscraper with a huge, fluted Doric column as its body. Loos had a clear design philosophy in his series of residential designs. Most of them were rectangular prisms with plain, smooth walls. In his early work, the Shoy House (1912), he designed a pyramidal setback terrace, a style he repeated in his hotel and apartment complex plans. Meanwhile, for the interiors of his houses, he used a method he called "raumplan," which dynamically creates three-dimensional spaces, and this was realized in the atrium halls and small rooms connected to them in the Rufer House (1922), the Möller House (1928), and the Müller House (1930). This style was later inherited by Le Corbusier and other modern architects. Rudolph M. Schindler (1887-1953), who studied directly under Loos, and Richard Neutra, who worked at his office, both moved to the West Coast of the United States and are known as architects who were active mainly in residential design. Loos also designed the famous Villa Tzara (1926, Paris), the private home of the Dadaist poet Tristan Tzara. He also had a wide circle of friends among artists and intellectuals who were part of the Vienna café culture of the late 19th century, including the musician Arnold Schoenberg and the painter Oskar Kokoschka. [Akira Suzuki] "Ornament and Crime: An Anthology of Architectural and Cultural Essays" translated by Ito Tetsuo (1987, Chuokoron-Bijutsu Shuppan)" ▽ "Adolf Loos" by Ito Tetsuo (1980, Kajima Publishing)" ▽ "Adolf Loos" by Kawamukai Masato (1989, Living Library Publishing Bureau)" [References] | |Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
チェコ生まれで主にオーストリア、ウィーンで活躍した建築家。父親は石工。『装飾と罪悪』Ornament und Verbrechen(1913)をはじめとする数々のデザイン・建築論を著した評論家としても知られる。 1890年ドイツのライヘンベルク国立職業訓練校を卒業後、兵役を経てドレスデンの工科大学を卒業する。93年、アメリカに渡りシカゴ万国博覧会を訪れ、アメリカ近代建築の洗礼を受ける。その後、しばらくニューヨークに滞在し、96年ロンドンとパリを経由してウィーンに戻る。カルル・マイレーダー事務所で「ウィーン総合計画案」などの作成に携わった後、97年独立。同年、初の建築的作品、エベンシュタイン洋服店ショールーム(ウィーン)を完成させる。 ウィーンで98年開催された皇帝記念工芸展の批評をきっかけとして、ロースは工芸と建築批評を新聞に連載。近代における工芸や建築においては、伝統的で因習的な装飾に代わるものとして近代的な精神による実用性や機能性、材料の合理的な使用を主張した。これは後に、装飾を子供や刺青(いれずみ)、変質者になぞらえ、罰せられるべきとした『装飾と罪悪』(1908年に書いた草稿を元にウィーン、ミュンヘン、ベルリンなどで講演し、それらをまとめて13年に出版した)へと展開するのだが、当時、世論の反発は大きかった。しかし、共感を覚える知識人やデザイン関係者も多く、共感者からゴールトマン&ザーラッチェル洋服店(1903、ウィーン)の設計依頼を得る。依頼者は後にロースの代表作となるロース・ハウスのオーナーであった。この洋服店のインテリア・デザインの成功と評判により、アパート改装計画の仕事などを獲得し、さらにカフェ・ムゼウム(1899、ウィーン)をはじめとするカフェを手がけることになる。当時のカフェに特徴的だった小さなアルコーブ(室の壁面につくられる凹所)を排し、代わりに浅いボールト天井(アーチ状の天井)の下、ワンルームで開放的な空間を作った。ここではオットー・ワーグナーやウィーン分離派のように家具調度にいたるまで建築家が一貫してデザインするのではなく、一般に流通していたトーネット(オーストリアの家具職人のマイスター、ミヒャエル・トーネットによってつくられた家具)の曲木(まげき)椅子を再デザインして用いた。また、ケルントナー・バー(1908、ウィーン)ではファサードには大理石の4本の角柱を構え、インテリアでは格(ごう)天井(壁と天井の取付け部分に支輪をつけたもの)を用い古典的な様相をつくり出す一方、大胆に鏡を張り巡らせ柱の林立する無限空間を演出するなど、独特の空間をつくり上げた。 建築家ロースの名を決定的にしたのはミヒャエラー・ハウス(通称ロース・ハウス。1911、ウィーン)においてである。この8階建ての店舗・住居併用建築が位置するミヒャエル広場には王宮が面しており、工事中に姿を現した無装飾で平滑な壁のファサードが世論の批判を浴びた。途中、市当局から工事中止命令が出されるなど紆余曲折(うよきょくせつ)はあったが完成をみた。しかしながら足元の店舗部分には4本のトスカナ式円柱が堂々としたポーティコ(玄関柱廊)を形成するなど、古典的な構成を遵守しており必ずしも無装飾とはいえない。ロースの古典主義への参照がもっとも顕著なのはシカゴ・トリビューン社コンペ案(1922)である。これは溝のついた巨大なドリス式の柱を胴体としたモニュメンタルな高層ビルである。 ロースは一連の住宅設計においても明確なデザイン思想をもっていた。そのほとんどは無装飾で平滑な壁面による直方体で構成されている。初期の作品ショイ邸(1912)では、ピラミッド状にセットバック(境界線から後退して建てること)したテラスを設計、ホテルや集合住宅の計画案でもこれを繰り返した。一方、住宅内部ではロースが「ラウムプラン」と呼ぶ三次元的な空間をダイナミックに構成する手法を用い、ルーファー邸(1922)、モラー邸(1928)、ミュラー邸(1930)などでは吹き抜けホールとそれにつながる小さな部屋などに実現した。これは後にル・コルビュジエらの近代建築の中に受け継がれていく。 直接ロースに学んだルドルフ・シンドラーRudolph M. Schindler(1887―1953)や事務所で働いたリチャード・ノイトラは共にアメリカ西海岸に渡り、住宅設計を中心に活躍した建築家として知られる。 また、ロースはダダイストの詩人トリスタン・ツァラの自邸、ツァラ邸(1926、パリ)として有名な住宅をデザインしている。そのほか音楽家アルノルト・シェーンベルク、画家オスカー・ココシュカなど、19世紀末ウィーンのカフェ文化の中で築いた芸術家、文化人の交友も広かった。 [鈴木 明] 『伊藤哲夫訳『装飾と罪悪――建築・文化論集』(1987・中央公論美術出版)』▽『伊藤哲夫著『アドルフ・ロース』(1980・鹿島出版会)』▽『川向正人著『アドルフ・ロース』(1989・住まいの図書館出版局)』 [参照項目] | |出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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