This law (Law No. 147 of 1959) aims to secure national tax revenue through the proper fulfillment of tax-paying obligations of citizens by prescribing necessary matters concerning the collection of delinquent national taxes (excluding customs duties, tonnage dues, and special tonnage dues) and other collection procedures, while coordinating with private law. When the National Tax Collection Law was first enacted, it also contained general provisions relating to the broader imposition, collection, and litigation of national taxes. However, after the enactment of the National Tax General Rules Law in 1962, the general and general provisions of national taxes were transferred to the National Tax General Rules Law, and the National Tax Collection Law was reorganized as a law that regulates the specialized field of national tax collection. Since then, it has undergone numerous revisions. The contents of the National Tax Collection Act can be broadly divided into the following two categories: One is the substantive provision established from the perspective of ensuring the collection of national taxes. In other words, national taxes are, in principle, collected before all other public charges and claims (Article 8, general priority of national taxes). However, from the perspective of harmonizing with the private law order, secured claims such as pledges and mortgages established before the statutory payment deadline are given priority over taxes (Article 15 and others). In addition, there are provisions regarding secondary tax liability for the purpose of ensuring the collection of national taxes (Chapter 3). Under the secondary tax liability system, when it is difficult to collect national taxes from the original taxpayer, a person who has a certain relationship with the taxpayer (for example, a partner in a general partnership or limited partnership company) is designated as a secondary taxpayer, and the tax burden is required to be borne by this person instead of the original taxpayer. The other is the procedural provisions for collection of delinquent taxes (Chapter 5). If the tax amount is determined but not paid, a series of compulsory collection procedures are implemented, including demand for payment, seizure of property, liquidation of the seized property, and application of the proceeds from the sale. The National Tax Collection Law contains detailed procedural provisions for efficiently executing this series of procedures and ensuring the collection of national taxes while protecting the rights of the parties involved. The National Tax Collection Act is the basic law for the collection of not only national taxes but also local taxes and various other public taxes and charges, and the National Tax Collection Act is applied mutatis mutandis to many public taxes and charges. [Osamu Tanaka] [Reference] | | | |Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
国税(関税、とん税、特別とん税を除く)の滞納処分、その他の徴収に関する手続の執行について必要な事項を定め、私法秩序との調整を図りつつ、国民の納税義務の適正な実現を通じて国税収入を確保することを目的とする法律(昭和34年法律第147号)である。 国税徴収法は、制定された当初、より広く国税の賦課、徴収や争訟などに関する通則的な規定をも含んでいた。しかし、1962年(昭和37)の国税通則法の制定後は、国税の一般的・通則的規定は国税通則法に移され、国税徴収法は国税の徴収に関する専門分野を規律する法律として整理された。その後、数多くの改正を経ている。 国税徴収法の内容は、大別して、次の二つに分かれる。 一つは、国税の徴収確保などの観点から定められた実体的規定である。すなわち国税は、原則としてほかのすべての公課や債権に先だって徴収される(8条、国税の一般的優先権)、とする。しかし、私法秩序との調整の観点から、法定納期限を基準として、それ以前に設定された質権、抵当権などの被担保債権は、租税に優先することとされている(15条ほか)。 また、国税の徴収確保を目的として、第二次納税義務に関する規定がある(3章)。第二次納税義務の制度は、本来の納税義務者から国税を徴収することが困難な場合において、当該納税者と一定の関係にある者(たとえば合名・合資会社の場合、その社員など)を第二次納税義務者とし、本来の納税義務者にかえて、これに税負担を求めるものである。 もう一つは、滞納処分に関する手続的規定である(5章)。税額が確定されたにもかかわらずその納付がない場合は、督促、財産の差押え、差押え財産の換価、換価代金の充当という一連の強制徴収手続がとられる。国税徴収法には、このような一連の手続を能率的に執行し、かつ、関係者の権利の保護を図りつつ国税の徴収を確保するための詳細な手続規定が置かれている。 国税徴収法は、国税にとどまらず、地方税その他各種の公租公課の徴収の基本法ともなっており、多くの公租公課について、国税徴収法が準用されている。 [田中 治] [参照項目] | | | |出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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