A general name for fine-grained, mafic volcanic rocks whose main components are augite, labradorite to Na-bytunite, and opaque minerals (titanium augite, sometimes ilmenite). It is further classified as tholeiitic basalt or alkaline olivine basalt depending on the presence or absence of olivine, quartz, and low-Ca pyroxene (pigeonite or orthopyroxene) as accessory components. Phenocrysts or microphenocrysts of the main and accessory components are present. Glass and chlorite may or may not be present. The name basalt is an archaic word used in Egypt for building materials or ornaments since the BC era, and was used for black or dark gray dense rocks. It is said that the word basalt was already used at that time by Strabo [63 BC-24 AD], a Roman who is famous as the father of geology, and Pliny records that this rock was discovered by Egyptians in Ethiopia and called it basanite [Pliny: 77]. The description of this rock is simple, referring to a black stone, and the name basanite was used by the Greeks as a touchstone. It is unclear whether the basalt of that time was the same as that of today, and it is assumed that the name basalt probably included some dense basic rocks such as diabase. The name basalt was first used by Agricola [G. Agricola: 1546], who used it to describe a black columnar rock near Dresden. The rocks are similar to those described by Pliny. According to Eichholz et al., the word is a translation of the Egyptian word bekhen, a dark-colored stone known as greywacke. The word basalt is probably a misprint of basanite [Buttman & Sellig: 1894, Tomkeieff: 1983]. Basalt is dense and hard, and it is difficult to identify its constituent minerals and texture with the naked eye. Because it is produced in layers by lava flows, there was a debate as to whether it is an igneous rock or a sedimentary rock. For several decades from the late 18th century to the 19th century, there was a debate between igneous and hydrogeneticists about granite, and famous scholars of the time (e.g. JE Guettard, N. Desmarest, AG Werner, L. von Buch, JF d'Aubusisson, R. Jameson) participated. These debates were settled in favor of igneous theory, and research on lithology became the main focus thereafter. Cordier stated that basalt is a rock composed of pyroxene, labradorite, and sometimes olivine [Cordier: 1819]. Leonardo classified basalt into three major categories based on grain size, calling fine-grained basalt, coarse-grained dolerite, and medium-grained anamesite [Leonhard: 1832]. However, the name anamesite has not been used since. On the other hand, Steininger called basalt containing labradorite or bytunite phenocrysts in an intersertal structure groundmass tholeiite [Steininger: 1840]. Basalt containing orthopyroxene was called palatinite [H. Laspeyres: 1869], but this term is rarely used anymore. Later, with the development of microscopic petrology, detailed studies were conducted, and Zirkel classified basalt into three major types: feldspathic basalt, nepheline basalt, and leucite basalt [Zirkel: 1870]. Rosenbusch placed importance on olivine basalt in addition to general basalt, and revealed that basalt is an exudative type of gabbro [Rosenbusch: 1877, 1887]. Furthermore, through the research of Thiel and Geikie, it gradually became clear that basalt is one of the representative igneous rocks with fairly clear properties [Teall: 1888, Geikie: 1888]. Basalt is most similar to diabase in terms of mineral composition, chemical composition, structure, and occurrence, and is also most closely related to diabase in terms of genesis, so it is considered important to know basalt in order to study diabase. The Greek word basanos means touchstone, and it is thought to have originated from the name of Bashan in eastern Jordan, where this stone is abundant [Utashiro et al.: 1978]. The Japanese word basalt was named after the Genbudo cave in 1885. Basalt is a mispronunciation of basanaite in Pliny's manuscript, which comes from the Greek word basanites (lithos), meaning touchstone (basanos), and ultimately comes from Egyptian greywacke (bhn(w)) [Random House: 1994]. Source: Asakura Publishing Dictionary of Petrology Information |
細粒のマフィック質の火山岩で,主成分はオージャイト,ラブラドライト~Na-バイトゥナイトと,不透明鉱物(チタンオージャイト,ときにチタン鉄鉱)を含む岩石の一般名.さらに,副成分として橄欖(かんらん)石,石英,低Ca-輝石(ピジョン輝石または斜方輝石)があるかないかによって,ソレアイト質玄武岩とアルカリ橄欖石玄武岩とに区分する.主成分,副成分の斑晶または微斑晶が存在する.ガラス,緑泥石はあったりなかったりする. 玄武岩の名称は紀元前よりエジプトで建築材あるいは装飾品に用いられた古語であって,黒色ないし暗灰色緻密な岩石に用いられた.当時すでに玄武岩の語は地質学の祖として有名なローマのストラボ[Strabo : 63 BC~24 AD]が使用したといわれており,この岩石はエチオピアにいたエジプト人が見つけ,ベーサナイト(basanite)と呼んだことをプリニウスが記載している[Pliny : 77].この岩石の記述は簡単で,黒い色の石のことをいい,basaniteの名称はギリシャ人によって試金石として使用されたものである.この当時の玄武岩が現在のものと同じかどうかは不明であり,おそらくは輝緑岩などの緻密な塩基性岩の一部が,玄武岩の名称の中に含まれていたと推定される.バサルト(basalt)という岩石名はアグリコラ[G. Agricola : 1546]が初めて使用し,ドレスデン近くの黒い柱状の岩石に用いた.この岩石はプリニウスが記述した岩石と同様のものである.なおアイヒホルツ(Eichholz)たちによれば,この語はエジプト語のbekhenの訳で,暗色の石でグレイワッケであるとしている.おそらくbasaltの語はbasaniteを誤って写した結果らしい[Buttman & Sellig : 1894, Tomkeieff : 1983]. 玄武岩は緻密堅固で肉眼的に構成鉱物や組織を鑑定するのは困難である.熔岩流で層状に産出するために火成岩か堆積岩かという論争があり,18世紀後半より19世紀にかけて数十年の間,花崗岩と共に火成論者,水成論者の間で議論があり,当時の著名な学者(例えばJ. E. Guettard, N. Desmarest, A. G. Werner, L.von Buch, J. F. d'Aubusisson, R.Jameson)が参加した.これらの論争は火成論に決着して,その後は岩質の研究が中心となった.コルディエルは玄武岩が輝石,ラブラドライト,ときに橄欖石で構成される岩石であるとした[Cordier : 1819].レオナルドは粒度で三大別し,細粒のものを玄武岩,粗粒のものをドレライト,中粒のものをアナメサイト(anamesite)と呼んだ[Leonhard : 1832].しかしアナメサイトという名称はその後用いられていない.一方スタイニンガーは,玄武岩の中でインターサータル構造の石基中にラブラドライトあるいはバイトゥナイトの斑晶のあるものをソレアイト(tholeiite)と呼んだ[Steininger : 1840].また斜方輝石を含む玄武岩がパラティナイト(palatinite)と呼ばれたが[H. Laspeyres : 1869],この語はほとんど使用されていない. その後顕微鏡岩石学の発展とともに詳細な研究が行われるようになり,ツィルケルは玄武岩を,長石玄武岩,ネフェリン玄武岩,リューサイト玄武岩と三大別した[Zirkel : 1870].ローゼンブッシュは一般の玄武岩以外に橄欖石玄武岩を重視し,また玄武岩が斑糲(はんれい)岩の流出型であることを明らかにした[Rosenbusch : 1877, 1887].さらにティールやゲーキーの研究によって,玄武岩はかなり性質の判然とした代表的な火成岩の一つであることが次第に明らかになってきた[Teall : 1888, Geikie : 1888].玄武岩は鉱物成分,化学成分,構造,産状などが輝緑岩と最も類似しており,また成因的にも最も密接な関係にあるものなので,輝緑岩を研究するためには玄武岩を知ることが重要であると考えられる.ギリシャ語のbasanosは試金石の意味があり,またこの石が豊富に産するヨルダン東部のBashanの地名に由来するという考えがある[歌代ほか : 1978].日本語の玄武岩は1885年に玄武洞に因んで命名された.basaltはプリニウスの写本におけるbasanaiteの読み違いで,basanaiteはギリシャ語のbasanites(lithos)で試金石(basanos)の意味であり,究極的にはエジプトの硬砂岩(bhn(w))から来ている[ランダムハウス : 1994]. 出典 朝倉書店岩石学辞典について 情報 |
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