Financial statements prepared by treating a corporate group consisting of multiple companies in a controlling and subordinate relationship as a single organization. In other words, financial statements (accounting reports that disclose the financial status and business performance) prepared by that organization for a specified accounting period (usually one year). In order to prepare consolidated financial statements, consolidated accounting must be adopted on an ongoing basis and consolidated financial statements must be prepared. Originally, in order to accurately grasp the actual business situation of a company, that is, its financial condition and business performance, each legally independent company kept accounting records based on double-entry bookkeeping and prepared financial statements for the accounting period. These are generally called individual financial statements. For a long time, the Japanese accounting system considered these individual financial statements to be the basic financial statements, and gave a supplementary position to consolidated financial statements, which treat a group of companies as a single organization. However, with the accounting big bang (accounting system reform), a system was established in which accounting standards with consolidated financial statements at the core were mandatory from the fiscal year ending in March 2000 (Heisei 12), and this system continues to this day. With the introduction of the quarterly accounting system, even companies with a fiscal year ending now conduct consolidated settlements and prepare consolidated financial statements for fiscal periods of three, six, or nine months. Companies subject to the Financial Instruments and Exchange Act (most of which are listed companies) disclose this information in their securities reports. In order to prepare consolidated financial statements, it is necessary to determine the scope of the corporate group that should be included in the consolidation. This is called the issue of the scope of consolidation. In the past, the relationship of control and subordination was determined based on the ratio of shares held, but under the current Japanese GAAP and International Accounting Standards, when a situation in which economic influence can be effectively exercised is established, the existence of a relationship of control and subordination between a parent company and a subsidiary is confirmed, and consolidated financial statements are prepared for this group. Under the current accounting system (accounting subject to the Financial Instruments and Exchange Act), consolidated financial statements consist of a consolidated balance sheet, a consolidated income statement, a consolidated statement of changes in shareholders' equity, and a consolidated statement of cash flows. On June 16, 2009, the Business Accounting Council of Japan published "Handling of International Financial Reporting Standards in Japan." According to this, listed companies that conduct financial and business activities internationally and meet certain requirements will be allowed to choose to apply International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) from the fiscal year ending March 2010. In response, the Financial Services Agency officially promulgated and implemented a Cabinet Office Ordinance on December 11, 2009, allowing international financial reporting to be applied voluntarily from the fiscal year ending March 2010. Needless to say, this measure is a run-up to the introduction of International Accounting Standards themselves, which is expected to be implemented in a few years, but it is also considered to be a very significant benefit to Japanese international companies, as it will greatly simplify the accounting practices of public companies, which will promote international activities and expand opportunities for fund raising. Specifically, on December 18 of the same year, the Financial Services Agency published "Points to Note Regarding the Handling of the Rules on the Terminology, Forms and Preparation Methods of Consolidated Financial Statements" (Guidelines on Rules on Consolidated Financial Statements), taking a proactive approach to ensure the smooth implementation of international consolidated accounting practices. [Tokai Mikio] "Masato Kikutani and Tomoya Yoshida, 'Outline of Consolidated Financial Statements' (2009, Dobunkan Publishing)" ▽ "Yoshihide Hirose, editor, 'Introduction to Consolidated Accounting' 5th Edition (2009, Chuo Keizai Publishing)" ▽ "Deloitte Touche Tohmatsu LLC, editor, 'Consolidated Accounting Handbook' 4th Edition (2009, Chuo Keizai Publishing)" [Reference item] | | | |Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
支配・従属関係にある複数の会社からなる企業集団を単一の組織体とみなして作成する財務諸表。すなわち、その組織体において、所定の会計期間(通常は1年)について作成する財務諸表(財政状態と経営成績を開示する会計報告書)をいう。連結財務諸表の作成のためには、経常的に連結会計を採用して連結決算を実施しなければならない。 元来、企業の経営実態すなわち財政状態と経営成績の姿を的確に把握するためには、法的に独立した個々の企業において複式簿記を基本とする会計記録が保持されて会計期間における財務諸表が作成される。これを一般には個別財務諸表という。日本の会計制度は長らくこの個別財務諸表を基本の財務諸表として、企業集団を単一の組織体とみなす連結財務諸表には補足的な位置づけを与えていた。しかし、会計ビッグバン(会計制度改革)によって、2000年(平成12)3月決算から、連結財務諸表を中核に据える会計基準を強制的に適用する制度が確立し現在に至っている。四半期会計制度の導入によって、現在では、1年決算会社であっても、3か月、6か月、9か月の会計期間においても連結決算が実施され連結財務諸表が作成される。金融商品取引法の適用を受ける会社(多くは上場会社)は、これを有価証券報告書に記載して開示する。 連結財務諸表の作成のためには、どのような範囲の企業グループを連結の対象とすべきか判断されなければならない。これを連結の範囲の問題という。古くは持株の比率に基づいて支配と従属の関係を規定していたが、現在の日本会計基準および国際会計基準においては、実質的に経済的な影響力を行使できる状況が確立されているときに、親会社と子会社の支配・従属の関係の存在を確認し、この集団をもって連結財務諸表を作成することとしている。 現行会計制度(金融商品取引法の適用を受ける会計)における連結財務諸表とは、連結貸借対照表、連結損益計算書、連結株主資本等変動計算書、連結キャッシュ・フロー計算書である。 日本の企業会計審議会は、2009年6月16日に「我が国における国際会計基準の取扱いについて」を公表した。これによれば、2010年3月期の決算から、国際的に財務・事業活動を実施している上場会社で特定の要件を満たす企業については、国際財務報告基準(IFRS)の選択適用を認めることとし、これを受けて金融庁は、2009年12月11日、国際財務報告を2010年3月決算期から任意適用できる内閣府令を正式に公布・施行した。このような措置は、数年先に迫るとみられる国際会計基準そのものの導入への助走であることはいうまでもないが、日本の国際企業にとって、国際的活動を促進し資金調達の機会を拡大する公開会社の会計実務を大幅に簡略化する非常に大きなメリットを享受しうるものと解されている。具体的に金融庁は、同年12月18日、「「連結財務諸表の用語、様式及び作成方法に関する規則」の取扱いに関する留意事項について」(連結財務諸表規則ガイドライン)を公表して、国際的な連結会計の実務がスムーズに運用されるよう前向きな対応を図っている。 [東海幹夫] 『菊谷正人・吉田智也著『連結財務諸表要説』(2009・同文舘出版)』▽『広瀬義州編著『連結会計入門』第5版(2009・中央経済社)』▽『有限責任監査法人トーマツ編『連結会計ハンドブック』第4版(2009・中央経済社)』 [参照項目] | | | |出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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