A branch of celestial mechanics used to determine orbits. Calculating the future position of a celestial object for observation is called a predicted position calculation. Conversely, past positions can be calculated and compared with observations at that time. A predicted position calculation requires knowledge of the orbital elements, which are calculated from several previous observations. This calculation is called orbit determination. In general, predicted position calculation and orbit determination are collectively called orbital theory. Orbital theory belongs to the two-body problem of celestial mechanics, but in practice, perturbations from other planets must be taken into account, especially for asteroids and some comets, perturbations from large planets such as Jupiter. Also, because the speed of light is finite, accurate calculations require the difference between the time of observation and the time the celestial object was actually there (optical time difference). The discovery of Neptune in 1846 was the result of orbital theory. Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia About Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia Information |
軌道を決定するための天体力学の一部門。天体観測のために,その未来の位置を算出することを予報位置計算という。逆に過去の位置を算出して,その時期の観測結果と照合するのに用いる場合もある。予報位置計算には軌道要素がわかっていることが必要であるが,その要素はそれ以前の何回かの観測結果から算出される。この計算を軌道決定という。一般に予報位置計算と軌道決定を合せて軌道論という。軌道論は天体力学の二体問題に属するが,実際上はほかの惑星による摂動,ことに小惑星や一部の彗星では,木星など大惑星による摂動を考慮に入れなければならない。また光速度が有限であるため,正確な計算には,観測時刻と実際にその天体がそこにあった時刻の差 (光時差) を差引かなければならない。 1846年の海王星の発見は軌道論の成果である。
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