Forestry - Ringaku (English spelling) forestry English

Japanese: 林学 - りんがく(英語表記)forestry 英語
Forestry - Ringaku (English spelling) forestry English

A discipline that studies the science and technology of forestry as an industry. In this case, land (forests) is important to forestry not only as the base for industry (such as lumber production), but also as forests that play a role in protecting the nation's land and environment. Therefore, forestry aims to pursue the maintenance and development of forestry production, which provides materials necessary for the people's homes and lives, while at the same time harmonizing the relationship between human life and forests and reproducing forest resources. Forestry is an applied science that combines natural science (technology) and social science (economics). Its technical fields include silviculture, forest conservation, forest utilization, forest products science, and erosion control engineering, while its economic fields include forestry management and forestry economics. Silviculture is the study of the maintenance and creation of forests, forest conservation is the prevention and removal of forest damage, forest utilization is the felling and transportation of timber, forest products science is the physical and chemical properties of wood and how it is used, erosion control engineering deals with forest water science and erosion control, forest management is the long-term forestry production planning and the necessary research methods for such planning, and forestry economics is the economic policy and policy principles of forestry.

The academic field of forestry was systematized in Germany in the early 19th century. It began with research into the effective management of the property owned by German princes, and the establishment of management techniques aimed at realizing average and sustainable harvests in timber production led to forestry being differentiated into an independent science. In Japan, specialized university education in forestry began in 1890 (Meiji 23) when the Forestry Department was established at the Imperial University College of Agriculture (now the Faculty of Agriculture at the University of Tokyo), 80 years after the founding of the Tarand Forestry College in Germany. After that, from the end of the Meiji period to the beginning of the Showa period, forestry departments were opened at universities all over the country. Later, with the development of science and technology, forestry products science became independent from forestry, and the Forest Products Department was established between 1950 and 1965. Furthermore, around 1990 (Heisei 2), agricultural faculties across the country simultaneously carried out extremely drastic reforms and reorganizations for the first time since the Meiji period. Many universities merged multiple departments, and as a result, the names of forestry and forest products science disappeared. Furthermore, even in places where the size of a department was able to be maintained, the general name became forest science, which emphasized forest environmental studies rather than forestry as an industry.

[Yoshito Kasahara]

"Forestry" edited by Masataka Omasa (1978, Kyoritsu Publishing)"Forest Science" edited by Yukichi Kihira (1994, Asakura Publishing)"Forest Environmental Science" by Ryoya Tadaki (1996, Asakura Publishing)

[Reference] | Forestry | Forestry

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

産業としての林業を対象とする科学および技術を研究する学問。その場合、林業にとって土地(森林)は、単に産業(木材生産など)の基盤としてだけでなく、国土・環境保全の役割をもつ森林としても重要である。したがって、林学は、国民の住生活などに必要な資材を提供する林業生産の維持発展を追究するとともに、人間生活と森林とのかかわり合いを調和あるものとさせ、森林資源の再生産を図ることを課題とする。林学は応用科学として自然科学(技術)と社会科学(経済)を結合させている学問で、技術の系統には造林学、森林保護学、森林利用学、林産学、砂防工学が属し、経済の系統には林業経営学、林業経済学が含まれる。造林学は森林の維持造成を、森林保護学は森林被害の予防・駆除を、森林利用学は木材の伐採・搬出を、林産学は木材の物理的・化学的性質およびその利用方法を、砂防工学は森林の理水・砂防を取り扱い、林業経営学は林業の長期生産計画とそのために必要な調査方法を、林業経済学は林業の経済政策とその政策原理を研究対象とする学問である。

 林学としての学問が体系化されたのは19世紀初頭のドイツにおいてである。ドイツ諸王侯が領有する財産の有効な管理運営の研究に始まり、木材生産の平均的・保続的な収穫実現を目ざす経営技術の確立が林学を独立科学として分化させた。わが国で林学専門の大学教育が発足するのは、帝国大学農科大学(現東京大学農学部)に林学科が設けられた1890年(明治23)のことで、ドイツのターラント林科単科大学創立80年後である。その後、明治末から昭和初めにかけて全国各地の大学に林学科が開設される。その後、科学技術の発展とともに林学から独立して林産学を形づくるようになり、1950~65年に林産学科が新設された。さらに、1990年(平成2)を前後して、全国の農学部は一斉に明治以来初めての、きわめて大幅な改革と編成替えを断行した。多くの大学で複数の学科が統合され、その結果、林学、林産学の学科名称が消えた。また、学科の規模が維持できたところでも、産業としての林業学の意味合いよりも、森林環境学を前面に出した森林科学が一般名称となった。

[笠原義人]

『大政正隆監修『森林学』(1978・共立出版)』『木平勇吉編『森林科学論』(1994・朝倉書店)』『只木良也著『森林環境科学』(1996・朝倉書店)』

[参照項目] | 森林 | 林業

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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