Cerebral contusion

Japanese: 脳挫傷 - のうざしょう(英語表記)Cerebral contusion
Cerebral contusion

What kind of injury?

Local brain tissue damage due to trauma Defeat ( Zametsu ) A cerebral contusion (a type of injury in which tissue is crushed by impact) is called a cerebral contusion. A cerebral contusion usually involves some degree of bleeding, which then forms a clot. Hematoma ( Review ) Once this is created, the disease will be given a name based on the location (such as traumatic intracerebral hematoma).

What is the cause?

Head Bruises ( Daboku ) The force of the blow can crush the brain tissue directly below the site of the blow. It is not uncommon for a brain contusion to occur on the opposite side of the brain to the site of the blow.

How symptoms manifest

Bleeding from the cerebral contusion and swelling of the brain at and around the contusion ( Cerebral edema ( Noufushu ) ) so the pressure inside the skull increases ( Increased intracranial pressure ( Zugai unintentional attack ) ), severe headache, vomiting, and loss of consciousness.

As a localized symptom of a cerebral contusion, hemiparalysis ( Hemiplegia ( Hard ) ), sensory loss on one side of the body, speech disorders, and seizures may also appear.

When a large hematoma occurs, or when the pressure caused by cerebral edema progresses to the point of cerebral herniation, the vital center located deep inside the brain ( Brain stem ( Nouken ) ) (including respiratory problems) and ultimately death.

When bleeding from a cerebral contusion causes an intracerebral hematoma, symptoms usually appear immediately after the injury, but in elderly people, the hematoma may grow later, so caution is required.

According to recent statistics, impaired consciousness occurs late in 14% of severe cerebral contusion cases (including those with intracerebral hematoma) (22% in those aged 50 or older). The time it takes for impaired consciousness to appear is slightly longer than that for acute epidural hematoma and acute subdural hematoma, with 74% occurring within 6 hours.

Testing and diagnosis

A head CT scan shows a mixture of bleeding from the cerebral contusion and cerebral edema. Since bleeding appears white (high-density area) and cerebral edema appears slightly black (low-density area) on a CT scan, a typical finding of a mixture of high-density and low-density areas is called salt and pepper or marbled.

Small brain contusions with little bleeding may not be detected accurately by CT scans, in which case a head MRI is useful for diagnosis.

Treatment methods

If there is no hematoma, intracranial hypotensive drugs (glycerol or mannitol) are administered by intravenous injection. Special treatments for intracranial hypertension include barbiturate therapy and hypothermia therapy, but these have serious side effects and should be considered carefully. External decompression ( Foreign agent ) In some cases, the following may be carried out.

Prognosis is generally proportional to the degree of consciousness disturbance at the time of admission. coma ( Today ) The mortality rate for severe cerebral contusion (including complications of intracerebral hematoma) is reported to be 44%, and the rate of social reintegration is 31%.

Jun Namiki

Source: Houken “Sixth Edition Family Medicine Encyclopedia” Information about the Sixth Edition Family Medicine Encyclopedia

Japanese:

どんな外傷か

 外傷による局所の脳組織の挫滅(ざめつ)(衝撃によって組織が砕けるような損傷)を脳挫傷と呼びます。通常、脳挫傷はある程度の出血を伴い、出血が塊になって血腫(けっしゅ)をつくれば、その部位に応じた病名(外傷性脳内血腫など)もつきます。

原因は何か

 頭部を打撲(だぼく)した衝撃によって、打撲部位の直下の脳組織が挫滅します。打撲部位と反対側の脳挫傷を来すこともまれではありません。

症状の現れ方

 脳挫傷からの出血と、挫傷部とその周囲の脳がむくんでくる(脳浮腫(のうふしゅ))ため、頭蓋骨の内側の圧が高まり(頭蓋内圧亢進(ずがいないあつこうしん))、激しい頭痛、嘔吐、意識障害が現れます。

 脳挫傷の局所の症状として、半身の麻痺(片麻痺(かたまひ))、半身の感覚障害、言語障害、けいれん発作などが現れることもあります。

 多量の血腫ができた場合や、脳浮腫による圧迫で脳ヘルニアの状態にまで進行すると、深部にある生命維持中枢(脳幹(のうかん))が侵され(呼吸障害など)、最終的には死に至ります。

 脳挫傷からの出血によって脳内血腫をつくる場合は、受傷直後に症状が現れることがほとんどですが、高齢者では遅れて血腫が増大することがあるので注意が必要です。

 最近の統計では、重症の脳挫傷(脳内血腫の合併を含む)の14%(50歳以上では22%)で意識障害が遅れて現れています。意識障害出現までの時間は急性硬膜外血腫や急性硬膜下血腫よりやや長く、その74%が6時間以内でした。

検査と診断

 頭部CTで、脳挫傷からの出血と脳浮腫の混じりあった像を示します。CTで出血は白く(高吸収域)、脳浮腫はやや黒く(低吸収域)映るので、典型的には高吸収域と低吸収域が混在した塩コショウ様あるいは霜降り様と呼ばれる所見を示します。

 出血の少ない小さな脳挫傷は、CTの精度では映し出されないことがあり、この場合には頭部MRIが診断に有用です。

治療の方法

 血腫を伴わなければ、頭蓋内圧亢進に対する脳圧降下薬(グリセオールやマンニトール)の点滴注射が行われます。頭蓋内圧亢進に対する特殊な治療法としてバルビツレート療法や低体温療法がありますが、副作用も大きいため、適応は慎重に判断されます。頭蓋骨を外す外減圧術(がいげんあつじゅつ)が行われる場合もあります。

 予後は一般的に入院時の意識障害の程度に比例し、昏睡(こんすい)状態の重症脳挫傷(脳内血腫の合併を含む)の死亡率は44%、社会復帰は31%と報告されています。

並木 淳

出典 法研「六訂版 家庭医学大全科」六訂版 家庭医学大全科について 情報

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