A complex granule of protein and RNA that exists within cells and forms the site of protein synthesis in the body. In higher organisms, it exists attached to the endoplasmic reticulum in the cytoplasm, and is included in the microsomal fraction when cells are homogenized. The particle amount is 4.2 × 10 6 , and it consists of two subunits of 1.4 × 10 6 and 2.8 × 10 6 , and it aggregates into one with the involvement of magnesium ions. In bacteria, it is slightly smaller in size, 2.5 × 10 6 , shows a sedimentation constant of 70 S, and also consists of two subunits. The larger one shows a sedimentation constant of 50 S, and the smaller one shows a sedimentation constant of 30 S. Research on the ribosome has progressed particularly in bacteria, and it has been found that the 30 S ribosomal subunit consists of 16 S RNA and about 21 types of proteins, and works as a reader of genetic information on mRNA. These 21 types of proteins can be separated and purified and reconstituted in a test tube. At this time, it was revealed that the 21 types of proteins, centered on the 16 S RNA, form the ribosome according to a certain binding order. Furthermore, when the role of each protein is examined, it has become clear that a change in one of the proteins can alter the drug resistance properties of the bacteria, while a change in another protein can promote miscoding during protein synthesis. The 50 S ribosomal subunit is made up of 23 S RNA, 5 S RNA, and approximately 34 types of proteins, and acts as a peptide bond-forming device. The structure and function of ribosomes in higher organisms have also been studied in detail. Ribosomes in eukaryotic cytoplasm consist of 60 S and 40 S subunits, with the 80 S particle as the basic unit. 40 S(18 S rRNA & 33 proteins)+ 60 S(5 S, 5.8 S, 28 S rRNA & 49 proteins) → 80 S Functionally, ribosomes are the site of protein synthesis, binding to messenger RNA and aminoacyl transfer RNA, and during protein synthesis, multiple ribosomes are linked together to form polysomes. It has been revealed that various other protein factors are involved in protein biosynthesis, but the peptidyl transferase function that forms peptide bonds is due to the enzymatic activity of the large ribosomal subunit. [See alternative term] Translation (of genetic information) Source: Morikita Publishing "Chemical Dictionary (2nd Edition)" Information about the Chemical Dictionary 2nd Edition |
細胞内に存在する,タンパク質とRNAとの複合顆粒で,生体内でのタンパク質合成の場を形成している.高等生物では,細胞質中の小胞体に付着して存在し,細胞をホモジネートするとミクロソーム分画中に含まれてくる.粒子量は4.2×106 で,1.4×106 と2.8×106 の二つのサブユニットからなり,マグネシウムイオンの関与により一つに凝集している.細菌では大きさがやや小さく,2.5×106 で70 Sの沈降定数を示し,やはり二つのサブユニットからなっている.大きいほうは50 S,小さいほうは30 Sの沈降定数を示す.とくに細菌ではこのリボソームの研究が進み,30 Sリボソームサブユニットは16 S RNAと約21種類のタンパク質から成り立っており,mRNA上の遺伝情報の読み取り装置としてはたらいている.この21種類のタンパク質は分離精製され,試験管内で再構成することができる.このとき,16 S RNAを中心にして21種類のタンパク質は,ある結合順序に従ってリボソームを構成することが明らかにされた.また,おのおののタンパク質の役割を調べてみると,そのうちの一つのタンパク質の変化が細菌の薬剤耐性の性質を変えたり,もう一つのタンパク質の変化で,タンパク合成の際のミスコーディングを促すことも明らかとなっている.50 Sリボソームサブユニットは,23 S RNA,5 S RNAと約34種類のタンパク質からなっており,ペプチド結合生成装置としてはたらいている.高等生物のリボソームの構造と機能も詳細に調べられている.真核細胞質のリボソームは80 S粒子を基本単位として60 Sと40 Sのサブユニットからなる. 40 S(18 S rRNA & 33 proteins)+ 60 S(5 S,5.8 S,28 S rRNA & 49 proteins) → 80 S 機能的にリボソームはタンパク合成の場であり,メッセンジャーRNA,アミノアシル転移RNAと結合し,タンパク合成の際にはリボソームが何個もつながってポリソームを形成する.タンパクの生合成には,このほか種々のタンパク性因子が関与することが明らかにされているが,ペプチド結合を形成するペプチジルトランスフェラーゼ作用は,リボソームの大サブユニットに備わった酵素活性によっている.[別用語参照]翻訳(遺伝情報の) 出典 森北出版「化学辞典(第2版)」化学辞典 第2版について 情報 |
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