Viper - Viper

Japanese: クサリヘビ - くさりへび(英語表記)viper
Viper - Viper

A general term for snakes belonging to the subfamily Viperinae, family Viperidae, order Squamata, class Reptilia. Venomous snakes of this subfamily Viperinae are the same as those of the family Viperidae that lack pit organs (buccal cavities). There are 45 species in 9 genera distributed in Europe, Africa, and Asia, and the European viper Vipera berus is found from the Arctic Circle of the Scandinavian Peninsula to Siberia, but most live in tropical regions. They have a triangular head, a thick body, and a short tail. The Japanese name comes from the chain-like markings on the back of the body, like the Russell's viper V. russelli . They are ovoviviparous and give birth to 20 to 60 baby snakes at a time. Most are 60 to 100 centimeters in length, but large species can reach 1.5 meters. The African Gaboon Viper Bitis gabonica and the Rhinoceros Viper B. nasicornis have venomous fangs as long as 5 cm, and their beautiful colored markings provide effective camouflage in the bush. Vipers contain a large amount of neurotoxin in addition to the hemorrhagic toxin that is the main component, so all of them are dangerous species. In particular, the Russell's Viper, which is widely distributed from Pakistan to southern Asia, is densely populated and often found near residential areas, so there are many victims of bites. When excited, it inflates its body and jumps, making a loud whoosh sound. The thorny viper Echis carinatus , which is distributed from the Middle East to India, is small, about 50 cm long, but is said to be as dangerous as a king cobra.

[Takahiro Matsui]

Major types of snakes (1) [specimen illustrations]
©Takahiro Matsui ">

Major types of snakes (1) [specimen illustrations]

Clinical signs of snakebite
©Shogakukan ">

Clinical signs of snakebite


Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

爬虫(はちゅう)綱有鱗(ゆうりん)目クサリヘビ科クサリヘビ亜科に属するヘビの総称。この亜科Viperinaeの毒ヘビは、クサリヘビ科のうちピット器官pit(頬窩(きょうか))を欠く仲間である。ヨーロッパ、アフリカ、アジアに9属45種が分布し、ヨーロッパクサリヘビVipera berusがスカンジナビア半島の北極圏付近からシベリアまで分布するが、大半は熱帯地方に生息する。頭部は三角形で胴が太く尾は短い。ラッセルクサリヘビV. russelliのように体背面に鎖状の斑紋(はんもん)が並ぶのが和名の由来である。卵胎生で一度に20~60匹の子ヘビを産む。全長60~100センチメートルのものが多いが、大形種は1.5メートルに達する。アフリカ産のガブーンバイパーBitis gabonicaやライノセラスバイパーB. nasicornisは5センチメートルもの長い毒牙(どくが)をもち、美しい色彩斑紋はブッシュ(茂み)の中では効果的なカムフラージュとなっている。クサリヘビは主成分の出血毒に加えて多量の神経毒をも含むため、すべてが危険種で、とくにパキスタンからアジア南部に広く分布するラッセルクサリヘビは生息密度が高く、居住区付近にも多いため咬症(こうしょう)の被害が多い。興奮すると胴を膨らませ、シューッと激しく音をたてて飛びかかる。中近東からインドに分布するトゲクサリヘビEchis carinatusは、50センチメートルほどの小形ながら、危険性はキングコブラ並みとされている。

[松井孝爾]

ヘビのおもな種類(1)〔標本画〕
©松井孝爾">

ヘビのおもな種類(1)〔標本画〕

ヘビ咬症の臨床症状
©Shogakukan">

ヘビ咬症の臨床症状


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