Livingstone, David

Japanese: リビングストン（英語表記）Livingstone, David

Born March 19, 1813, Lanarkshire, England
[Died] May 1, 1873. Chitambo, south-central Africa. British explorer and missionary. He conducted the largest African exploration of the 19th century and revealed the reality of the slave trade to the civilized world. While working at a cotton mill, he studied Greek, theology, and medicine at the University of Glasgow. He obtained his medical degree in 1840 and joined the London Missionary Society as a volunteer for missionary work in the same year. In 1841, he was sent to Kuruman, South Africa, where he was assigned. He succeeded in making contact with the natives and worked to evangelize the people in the uncharted depths of the country. In 1853, he discovered a route from Sesuku to Loanda on the west coast, and in 1855, he opened a route to the east coast. He reached the Victoria Falls on the way. He returned to Japan temporarily, severed his ties with the Missionary Society, and in 1858 was appointed visiting consul in the Zambezi region, where he again led the government's African exploration team. He returned to Africa in 1864. A year later, he led another expedition to investigate the slave trade in the interior and to discover the source of the great rivers such as the Zambezi, Congo and Nile, but lost many members due to great difficulties. In 1871, he encountered Henry M. Stanley at Ujiji on the shores of Lake Tanganyika. Receiving men and supplies provided by Stanley, he set out again in August 1872 to explore the sources of the Nile and Congo, but died of illness on the way at Titambo on the southern shore of Lake Bangweulu. His main work is Missionary Travels and Researches in South Africa (1857).

Livingston
Livingston, Edward

Born: May 28, 1764 in New York
[Died] May 23, 1836. New York. American lawyer and politician. Qualified as a lawyer in New York in 1785. Served as a Republican member of the U.S. House of Representatives from New York from 1895 to 1801. Served as Mayor of New York from 1801 to 1803. During the yellow fever epidemic in 1803, he worked to prevent the disease despite being ill himself. In 1804, he moved to New Orleans and opened a law practice. Served as a staff member under General A. Jackson during the War of 1812, and participated in the Battle of New Orleans in 1815. In 1825, he submitted a proposal to reform the Louisiana penal code, which was not adopted but was highly praised by Britain, France, Germany, and other countries. Served as a member of the U.S. House of Representatives from 1823 to 1829, a U.S. Senator from 1829 to 1831, Secretary of State under President Jackson from 1831 to 1833, and ambassador to France from 1833 to 1835.

Livingston
Livingston, Philip

Born January 15, 1716 in Albany, New York
[Died] June 12, 1778.
He was a businessman and politician during the American Revolution. He was one of the signers of the Declaration of Independence. He was active as a businessman in New York. He served as a representative in the Continental Congress from 1774 to 1778. He later served in the New York Senate and House of Representatives. He was interested in education and was instrumental in the founding of King's College (later Columbia University).

Livingston

Please see the Maramba page.

Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia About Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia Information

Japanese:

[生]1813.3.19. イギリス，ラナークシャー
[没]1873.5.1. アフリカ中南部，チタンボ
イギリスの探検家，宣教師。19世紀最大のアフリカ探検を行なうとともに，奴隷貿易の実態を文明世界に明らかにした。紡績工場で働きながら，独学でグラスゴー大学に入り，ギリシア語，神学，医学を学んだ。1840年医学の学位を取得，同年宣教活動の志願者としてロンドン伝道協会に入った。1841年任地である南アフリカのクルマンへ派遣された。先住民との接触に成功し，前人未踏の奥地まで入って伝道に努めた。1853年セシュクから西海岸のロアンダへのルートを見出し，1855年には東海岸への道を開いた。途中，ビクトリア瀑布に到達。一時帰国，伝道協会との関係を断ち，1858年ザンベジ地域の巡回領事に任命され，政府のアフリカ探検隊の指揮をとり再びアフリカに赴いた。1864年帰国。奥地での奴隷貿易に関する実態調査とザンベジ川，コンゴ川，ナイル川など大河の水源発見を目的として，1年後三たび探検隊を率いて出発，非常な困難のため多くの隊員を失った。1871年タンガニーカ湖畔ウジジでヘンリー・M.スタンレーと遭遇。スタンレーが提供した人員と物資の補給を受け，再び 1872年8月にはナイル川，コンゴ川の源を探検に出発し，途中病気のためバングウェウル湖南岸のチタンボで死んだ。主著『アフリカ探検記』Missionary Travels and Researches in South Africa（1857）。

リビングストン
Livingston， Edward

[生]1764.5.28. ニューヨーク
[没]1836.5.23. ニューヨーク
アメリカの法律家，政治家。 1785年ニューヨークで弁護士の資格を取得。 95～1801年ニューヨーク選出のリパブリカンズ (共和派) 連邦下院議員。 01～03年ニューヨーク市長。 03年の黄熱病流行の際，自分も罹病しながら防疫にあたった。 04年ニューオーリンズへ移り弁護士を開業。アメリカ＝イギリス戦争 (1812) に A.ジャクソン将軍の幕僚として従軍，15年のニューオーリンズの戦いに参加。 25年ルイジアナ刑法の改革案を提出，採用はされなかったが，イギリス，フランス，ドイツなどで高く評価された。 23～29年連邦下院議員，29～31年連邦上院議員，31～33年ジャクソン大統領の国務長官，33～35年フランス駐在大使。

リビングストン
Livingston， Philip

[生]1716.1.15. ニューヨーク，オールバニ
[没]1778.6.12.
アメリカ独立革命期の実業家，政治家。独立宣言署名者の一人。ニューヨークの実業家として活躍。 1774～78年大陸会議代表。その後，ニューヨークの上院，下院議員をつとめた。教育に関心深く，キングズ・カレッジ (のちのコロンビア大学) 創立に尽した。