A form in which capitalists pay wages to workers. Today, there are various forms, but the two basic forms are hourly wages (hourly wages) and piecework wages (piecework wages or piece-rate wages). Since labor is always bought and sold by the hour, wages primarily take the form of hourly wages. Piecework wages can also be said to be a transformed form of hourly wages, since the unit price per unit of product is determined based on the hourly wage. Therefore, hourly wages are the most basic form of wage. Hourly wages are divided into various forms, such as hourly, daily, weekly, and monthly wages, depending on the unit of time. Under hourly wages, wages are determined by the length of working hours. The shorter the working hours are than the standard, the lower the wage, and the longer the working hours, the higher the wage. Therefore, low hourly wages inevitably lead to long working hours. Piecework wages are calculated by multiplying the unit price by the amount of work done. Specific forms of piecework wages include efficiency wages, performance wages, and contract wages. Under piecework wages, the standard amount of work must be increased in order to increase wage income, so capitalists can encourage workers to "voluntarily" increase their work load. In addition, because the average quality of the product is a prerequisite for wage payment, this wage system also makes it possible to control the quality of work without supervision. Based on these two basic forms, various derivative forms that bring about more labor expenditure with less labor cost have been created, and these forms tend to become more complicated. The main ones include those that combine overtime pay with an hourly wage as a base, with the overtime rate automatically decreasing (Halsey system, Rowan system), those that set a standard amount of work and apply a higher rate to any amount of work that exceeds that amount and a lower rate to the opposite amount (Taylor system, Gantt system, Emerson system), a point system based on the average worker's labor intensity (Bidot system), and a performance-based system that evaluates "results" through appraisal and pays for those "results." [Toshikazu Yokoyama] "Japanese Wages" by Takeo Kinoshita (1999, Heibonsha) [Reference items] | | | | | | |Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
資本家が労働者に賃金を支払う形態。今日、多様な形態が存在するが、その基本形態は時間賃金(時間給)と出来高賃金(出来高給、個数賃金ともいう)の二つである。 労働力はかならず時間決めで売買されるので、賃金はまず時間賃金の形態をとる。出来高賃金も、時間賃金を基準にして生産物1個当りの単価が決められるから、時間賃金の転化形態ということができる。したがって、時間賃金がもっとも基本的な賃金形態である。時間賃金は、その単位となる時間によって、時給、日給、週給、月給などの諸形態に分かれる。時間賃金のもとでは、賃金は労働時間の長さによって決まる。標準的な労働時間より短ければそれだけ賃金は低くなり、長ければそれだけ賃金が増える。したがって、低位の時間賃金は、不可避的に、長時間労働を生み出す。 出来高賃金は、単価に出来高量を乗じたもので示される。能率給、業績給、請負賃金などはその具体的形態である。出来高給のもとでは、賃金収入を増やすためには標準的な出来高をあげなければならないから、資本家は、労働者を「自発的」に労働強化へ向かわせることができる。また、生産物の平均的な品質確保が賃金支払いの前提となるため、この賃金形態をとることで、監督なしに労働の質を制御することも可能となる。 この二つの基本形態を土台にして、より少ない労働コストでより多くの労働支出をもたらすさまざまな派生的形態がつくりだされ、その形態がより複雑化する傾向にある。おもなものとして、時間賃金の基礎上に割増賃金を組み合わせ、しかも割増率を自動的に逓減(ていげん)させたもの(ハルシー式、ローワン式)、標準的な作業量を設定し、それ以上の作業量にはより高い賃率を、逆の場合はより低い賃率を適用するもの(テーラー式、ガント式、エマーソン式)、平均労働者の労働強度に基づく点数制度(ビドー式)、査定によって「成果」を評価し、その「成果」に対して支払う成果主義などがあげられる。 [横山寿一] 『木下武男著『日本人の賃金』(1999・平凡社)』 [参照項目] | | | | | | |出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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