Stereoisomerism

Japanese: 立体異性 - りったいいせい(英語表記)stereoisomerism
Stereoisomerism
When two or more compounds have the same molecular formula or Kekulé structural formula but different physical and chemical properties due to differences in the three-dimensional arrangement of atoms or atomic groups within the molecule, these compounds are called stereoisomers, and this phenomenon is called stereoisomerism. There are three types of stereoisomerism: (1) When the molecular shape is asymmetric, resulting in different properties in rotating the plane of polarized light, this is called optical isomerism. Optical isomers often have the same physical and chemical properties other than the rotation of the plane of polarized light, but differ in properties related to living organisms. (→Molecular asymmetry) (2) When double bonds (usually carbon-carbon double bonds) cannot rotate like single bonds, resulting in compounds with different properties due to the fixed positions of atoms within the molecule, this is called geometric isomerism. Unlike optical isomers, geometric isomers have structures that were determined earlier than optical isomers because the phenomenon of isomerism appears as differences in many physical and chemical properties such as melting point, boiling point, solubility, and reaction rate. Isomers generally take cis and trans forms. Besides carbon-carbon double bonds, three-membered carbon rings also cannot rotate, and so stereoisomerism occurs. These also have cis and trans isomers (e.g., cyclopropanedicarboxylic acid). Six-membered cyclohexane derivatives also have cis and trans isomers, which are also a type of stereoisomerism, but in the strict sense are not included in geometric isomerism. (3) The phenomenon in which a molecule takes on two or more conformations due to the rotation of a single bond is called rotational isomerism. In this case, the energy difference between the isomers is small, so rapid interconversion occurs at room temperature, and except in special cases, the existence of isomers is confirmed only by physical measurements and is not isolated as a single compound. Based on the study of rotational isomerism, the stereoisomerism of cyclic compounds such as cyclohexane was elucidated, and research on conformations developed.

Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia About Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia Information

Japanese:
分子内の原子または原子団の三次元配列が異なるために,同一の分子式またはケクレ構造式をもちながら物理的,化学的性質を異にする2つ以上の化合物があるとき,これらの化合物を立体異性体といい,この現象を立体異性という。立体異性には次の3種がある。 (1) 分子の形が不斉であるために,偏光面を回転する性質を異にする場合,これを光学異性という。光学異性体は偏光面回転以外の物理的性質および化学的性質が等しく,生物にかかわる性質を異にする場合が多い。 (→分子不斉 ) (2) 二重結合 (多くの場合,炭素-炭素二重結合) が単結合と違って回転を行うことができないために,分子内の原子の位置が固定されることによって性質の異なった化合物を生じる場合,これを幾何異性という。幾何異性体は光学異性体と異なり,異性現象は,融点,沸点,溶解度,反応速度などの多くの物理的,化学的性質の差として現れるため,光学異性体より早くから構造の決定がなされた。異性体は一般にシス形およびトランス形をとる。炭素-炭素二重結合以外に炭素三員環もまた回転を行うことができないので,立体異性現象を生じる。これにもシス形およびトランス形異性体がある (例としてシクロプロパンジカルボン酸) 。また,六員環のシクロヘキサン誘導体にもシス形,トランス形があり,これも立体異性の一種であるが,狭義には,幾何異性のうちに含まない。 (3) 単結合の回転によって,分子が2種以上の立体配座をとる現象を回転異性という。この場合は異性体間のエネルギー差が小さいために,室温で速い相互変換が行われていて,特別の場合を除いて異性体の存在は物理的測定によってだけ確認され,1つの化合物として単離されていない。回転異性の研究を基として,シクロヘキサンなど環状化合物の立体異性現象が解明され,立体配座に関する研究が発展した。

出典 ブリタニカ国際大百科事典 小項目事典ブリタニカ国際大百科事典 小項目事典について 情報

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