Joseph Liouville

Japanese: リウビル - りうびる(英語表記)Joseph Liouville
Joseph Liouville

French mathematician. Born in Saint-Omer. Professor at the École Polytechnique from 1831, and at the Collège de France from 1851 to 1879. Member of the Academie des Sciences since 1839. In function theory, he showed that "any function that is bounded and regular on the entire complex plane is a constant," and "any elliptic function that has no poles within a periodic parallelogram is a constant." He also proved the differential equation y (n) + p 1 (x)y (n-1) + ... + p n (x)y = 0
For n solutions y 1 , y 2 , …, y n of

In addition, he proved that the following differential equation holds: y'+p 1 (x)y 2 +p 2 (x)y+p 3 (x)=0
He showed that "in general it is impossible to solve it by quadrature" (1841), and is also famous for his research on "the problem of expanding a general function by the solution of the Sturm-Liouville differential equation" to find the frequency λ of a string, and for his research on "transcendental numbers", which are not solutions to n-th degree algebraic equations whose coefficients are integers. Liouville's achievement will be remembered for the fact that he organized and published the posthumous manuscripts of the late Galois in 1846.

[Kousaku Yoshida]

[Reference] | Galois | Function theory | Transcendental numbers

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

フランスの数学者。サン・オメールの生まれ。1831年より理工科大学校(エコール・ポリテクニク)の、1851年から1879年まではコレージュ・ド・フランスの教授を務めた。1839年以降は科学アカデミー会員。関数論において、「複素数平面全体で有界正則な関数は定数である」「周期平行四辺形内に極をもたない楕円(だえん)関数は定数である」などを示した。また微分方程式
 y(n)+p1(x)y(n-1)+……+pn(x)y=0
のn個の解y1,y2,……,ynについて、ロンスキーH. Wronski(1776―1853)の行列式

の成り立つことを示した。なおまた、「リッカチJ. Riccati(1676―1754)型微分方程式
 y'+p1(x)y2+p2(x)y+p3(x)=0
は一般には求積法では解けない」ことを示し(1841)、さらに弦の振動数λを求める「スチュルム‐リウビル微分方程式の解によって一般関数を展開する問題」の研究や、係数が整数であるn次代数方程式の解にならない「超越数」の研究も有名である。なお、夭逝(ようせい)したガロアの遺稿を1846年に整理して発表したことは、リウビルの功績として後世に名をとどめるものである。

[吉田耕作]

[参照項目] | ガロア | 関数論 | 超越数

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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