Rutherford scattering - Rutherford scattering

Japanese: ラザフォード散乱 - らざふぉーどさんらん(英語表記)Rutherford scattering
Rutherford scattering - Rutherford scattering

This refers to elastic scattering that occurs when a charged particle hits an atomic nucleus, and is caused only by the electric force (Coulomb force) between the two. In 1909, following a suggestion from E. Rutherford, Geiger and Ernest Marsden (1889-1970) aimed alpha particles emitted from the radioactive material radium at a thin gold foil to investigate the direction and proportion of alpha particles scattered by gold atoms. This experiment showed that while most alpha particles were only bent at a small angle, there were about 0.1% of alpha particles that were bent at 15 degrees or more from the direction of incidence, which is not a small number. At the time, there were two main competing views of the structure of the atom. The view proposed by Thomson was that the positive charge was spread throughout the atom and the electrons were buried like watermelon seeds, while the view proposed by Hantaro Nagaoka and others was that the positive charge was concentrated in the center of the atom and the electrons revolved far away like Saturn's rings. However, the large-angle scattering found in experiments indicates that alpha particles are repelled by a strong force, which can be explained by the assumption that only the positive charge is concentrated in a small area at the center of the atom. Based on this idea, E. Rutherford theoretically calculated the angle and proportion of other charged particles scattered by the Coulomb force when a charge of Z times the elementary charge ( Z is an integer) is concentrated at one point on the central nucleus, and derived the scattering formula. This formula not only explained the above experiment well and gave the edge to Nagaoka's model, but also made it clear that the size of the nucleus located at the center of the atom is tiny, about 1/5000 of the atom itself. Furthermore, this scattering formula was useful for determining the magnitude of the nuclear charge Z , i.e. the number of protons. Rutherford's scattering formula was derived using Newton's classical mechanics, but the exact same results can be obtained using quantum mechanics.

[Koji Bando and Toshio Motoba]

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

荷電粒子を原子核にぶつけた際に両者の間に働く電気的な力(クーロン力)だけによっておこる弾性散乱をいう。E・ラザフォードの示唆によって、1909年ガイガーとマースデンErnest Marsden(1889―1970)が、放射性物質のラジウムから放出されるα(アルファ)線を、薄い金箔(きんぱく)に当てて、金の原子によってα粒子がどんな方向にどんな割合で散乱されるか調べた。この実験によると、大半はわずかの角度しか曲げられないが、入射方向から測って90度以上も曲げられて出てくるα粒子が15度曲げられる場合の0.1%程度、すなわち少なからずあることがわかった。当時、原子の構造に関して、二つのおもな描像が対立していた。すなわち、正電荷が原子全体に広がっており、電子はスイカの種のように埋まっているとするトムソンの考えと、正電荷は原子の中心に集中しており、電子は土星の輪のように遠くを回っているとする長岡半太郎らの考えが提唱されていた。ところが実験でみいだされた大角度散乱は、α粒子が強い力で跳ね返されることを示しており、これは、正電荷のみが原子の中心に小さく集中しているとすると説明できる。E・ラザフォードはこのような考えから、電気素量のZ倍(Zはある整数)の電荷が中心核の一点に集中して存在するとき、そのクーロン力によって他の荷電粒子がどの角度にどれだけの割合で散乱されるかを理論的に計算し、散乱公式を導いた。この公式は前記の実験をよく説明し、長岡らの模型に軍配をあげただけでなく、原子の中心に位置する原子核の大きさは原子自身の5000分の1ほどの微小なものであることを明らかにした。さらに、この散乱公式は、原子核の電荷の大きさZ、すなわち陽子の数を決定するのにも役だった。ラザフォードの散乱公式はニュートンの古典力学を用いて導かれたが、量子力学を用いてもまったく同じ結果が得られる。

[坂東弘治・元場俊雄]

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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