Wars between Russia and the Ottoman Empire from the late 17th century to the late 19th century. Also known as the Russo-Turkish Wars. These wars gradually expanded Russia's territory eastward. There were 12 wars: 1676-81, 1687, 1689, 1695-96, 1710-12 (part of the Northern War), 1735-39, 1768-74, 1787-92, 1806-12, 1828-29, 1853-56 (Criminal War), and 1877-78. Until the beginning of the 18th century, the wars were aimed at recovering the northern Black Sea coastal areas that had been seized by the Golden Horde and the Crimean Tatars since the 13th century and at advancing into the Black Sea. From the second half of the 18th century, the Russian Empire's advance into the Balkans and the Caucasus was joined by the liberation of the various ethnic groups in the Turkish Empire and the interference of the Western European powers. Major wars include the 1768-74 war, in which the Treaty of Kucukkainarji gave Russia trading rights in the Black Sea; the 1787-92 war, in which the Treaty of Iasi extended Russia's territory as far as the Dnestr River, in which Russia was defeated and its southward expansion was temporarily thwarted; and the 1877-78 war, in which the Treaty of San Stefano gave Romania, Serbia, and Montenegro independence from Turkey and Bulgaria's autonomy was recognized, but Russian dominance was limited at the Congress of Berlin. Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia About Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia Information |
17世紀末から 19世紀末にかけてロシアとオスマン帝国との間で繰り返された戦争。ロシア=トルコ戦争とも呼ばれる。この戦争でロシアは徐々に東方へ領域を拡大した。1676~81,1687,1689,1695~96,1710~12(北方戦争の一部),1735~39,1768~74,1787~92,1806~12,1828~29,1853~56(クリミア戦争),1877~78と 12回行なわれた。18世紀初頭までの戦争は 13世紀以降キプチャク・ハン国やクリミア・タタールによって奪われた黒海北岸地方の回復と黒海への進出を目指すものであったが,18世紀後半からは,ロシア帝国のバルカン半島やカフカスへの進出に,トルコ帝国内の諸民族の解放と,西ヨーロッパ列強の干渉が加わった。おもな戦争に,クチュクカイナルジ条約でロシアが黒海における通商権を獲得した 1768~74年の戦争,ヤシ条約によってロシアがドネストル川まで領域を広げた 1787~92年の戦争,ロシアが敗北して一時その南下が挫折した 1853~56年のクリミア戦争,サンステファノ条約によりトルコからルーマニア,セルビア,モンテネグロが独立し,ブルガリアの自治が認められながら,ロシアの優越がベルリン会議で制限された 1877~78年の戦争などがある。
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