Born: November 14, 1797, Kinnoudi, Scotland [Died] February 22, 1875. London British geologist. Professor of geology at King's College, London from 1832 to 1833. He made research trips to Denmark and Sweden in 1834, Norway in 1837, and the United States and Canada in 1841 and 1845, and then the Canary Islands and Sicily. He was a member of the Royal Society in 1826, and president of the Geological Society in 1835. He was president of the British Association for the Advancement of Science in 1864, and was knighted in 1848. He was interested in Tertiary strata and volcanoes, and studied Cenozoic shell fossils in the Paris Basin in France. Based on the percentage of living and extinct species, he proposed a geological division into three periods: the Eocene, Miocene, and Pliocene. He also energetically studied ice age deposits, Nova Scotia coal seams, and volcanic regions, and wrote Principles of Geology (3 volumes, 1830-33) based on his knowledge, which is said to be a masterpiece of all time and of modern times that had a great influence on the geological world of the time. At the time, geologists believed that the present geological structure was formed (catastrophe theory) by large-scale volcanic eruptions (plutonism) or great floods (dromorphism) in the past, but Lyell expanded on the ideas of James Hutton and proposed uniformitarianism, which states that past and present geological processes are the same in type and scale, and left behind the famous phrase, "The present is the key to the past." He is known as the father of modern geology, and was one of Charles Darwin's teachers. Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia About Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia Information |
[生]1797.11.14. スコットランド,キノーディ [没]1875.2.22. ロンドン イギリスの地質学者。1832~33年ロンドンのキングズ・カレッジ地質学教授。1834年デンマーク,スウェーデンに調査旅行,1837年ノルウェー,1841年と 1845年にはアメリカ合衆国,カナダ,その後カナリア諸島,シチリア島など広く調査を重ねた。1826年ロイヤル・ソサエティ会員,1835年地質学協会会長。1864年イギリス学術振興協会会長。1848年ナイトの称号を与えられる。第三紀層と火山に関心をもち,フランスのパリ盆地の新生代の貝化石を研究,現生種と絶滅種の百分率から,新生代を始新世,中新世,鮮新世に三分する地質年代区分を提唱。また氷河期の堆積物の研究をはじめ,ノバスコシア石炭層の研究,火山地帯の研究などを精力的に行ない,その知見に基づいて書かれた『地質学原理』(3巻,1830~33)は,当時の地質学界に大きな影響を与えた古今の名著といわれる。当時,地質学者の間では,過去における大規模な火山噴火(火成論)または大洪水(水成論)によって今日の地質構造が形成された(天変地異説)と考えられていたが,ライエルはジェームズ・ハットンの考えを発展させて,過去の地質作用と現在の地質作用を種類,規模のうえで同一であるとする斉一説を提唱し,「現在は過去を解く鍵である」という名句を残した。近代地質学の父と呼ばれ,チャールズ・ダーウィンの師の一人である。 出典 ブリタニカ国際大百科事典 小項目事典ブリタニカ国際大百科事典 小項目事典について 情報 |
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