It is transliterated as yoga. Originally it is a Sanskrit word meaning "to tie" and in ancient times it meant attaching tools to cattle and horses. In early Buddhist scriptures it is translated as yoke, which has the same meaning as worldly desires (the four yokes are desire, existence, vision, and ignorance). However, later it was used to mean training, especially the practice of unifying the mind. Statues of gods showing the yoga posture can be found among the remains of the Indus civilization, so its origin can be found there, but the word yoga as a practice of unifying the mind does not exist in documents before Buddhism. It first appears in the post-Buddhist "Kata Upanishad". There it says that by mastering yoga related to atman (self), one can contemplate the invisible God hidden in the depths of the heart, and that yoga is the firm attachment (concentration) of the senses. The next Upanishad, Svetasvatara, describes the method of yoga, sitting postures, and union with the one God, while the Maitri Upanishad calls the six branches of yoga breath control, sense control, meditation, clinging, contemplation, and concentration. The Yoga School summarizes the practice system of yoga, and in its fundamental scripture, the Yoga Sutra (3rd to 5th century), it defines yoga as the cessation of mental activity and summarizes the system into eight branches of yoga: abstinence, observance of the precepts, sitting postures, breath control, sense control, clinging, contemplation, and concentration. Through these practices, one finally realizes the existence of a soul (spiritual self) separate from the activities of the mind by concentrating and unifying the mind, and attains liberation by establishing one's identity in the spiritual self. The philosophy of this school is largely dependent on the system of the Sankhya school. Yoga does not only mean unifying the mind, but also broadly means training and practice. In the Bhagavad Gita (around the 2nd century BCE), knowledge, action, and devotion to God are each called yoga. Among the later New Upanishads, the Yoga Upanishads classify yoga into four types: mantra (true words), hatha (physical effort), laya (mindlessness), and raja (king, supreme). Hatha yoga became popular, and Swatmarama (16th and 17th centuries) wrote Hatha Yoga Pradipika, which explains physical and physiological manipulations such as postures (exercises) and breathing techniques. Buddhism, which placed great importance on meditation, did not initially limit the term yoga to that. However, the Yogacara school established by Maitreya, Asaphan, and Vasubandhu, is called the Yoga-ācāra school. This yoga means meditation. In Esoteric Buddhism, which became popular later, yoga means union with the Buddha, and Esoteric Buddhist scriptures are usually divided into four categories: Shosa, Gyo, Yoga, and Anuttayoga. [Murakami Makoto] "Indian Philosophy and Buddhist Studies II" by Ensho Kanakura (1974, Shunjusha) "The Fundamental Scriptures of Yoga" by Tsuruji Sahota (1973, Heikawa Publishing) [Reference items] | schoolSource: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
音訳は瑜伽(ゆが)。本来「結び付ける」意味のサンスクリット語で、古くは牛馬に道具をつけることを意味した。原始仏教経典では煩悩(ぼんのう)と同じ意味で軛(やく)(くびき)と訳される(欲、有(う)、見、無明(むみょう)を四軛という)。しかしのちには修行とくに心統一の行の意に用いられる。ヨーガの坐法(ざほう)を示す神像がインダス文明の遺品にみられるので、その起源もそこに求められるが、仏教以前の文献には心統一の行法としてのヨーガの語はない。それが初めてみえるのは、仏教以後の『カタ・ウパニシャッド』である。そこにはアートマン(我)に関するヨーガを体得することによって、心底に潜む見がたき神を念ずるといい、確固たる感官の執持(しゅうじ)(集中)をヨーガという。次の『シュベーターシュバタラ・ウパニシャッド』は、ヨーガの方法、坐法などや唯一神との合一を説き、『マイトリ・ウパニシャッド』は、呼吸の抑制、感官の制御、静慮(じょうりょ)(禅)、執持、推考、専心(三昧(さんまい))をヨーガの六支とよぶ。ヨーガ学派はヨーガの実践体系をまとめ、その根本経典『ヨーガ・スートラ』(3~5世紀)には、ヨーガを心の働きの停止とし、その体系を禁戒、勧戒(かんかい)、坐法、呼吸の抑制、感官の制御、執持、静慮、三昧というヨーガの八支にまとめる。このような修行を通して最後に心の集中・統一によって、心の働きとは別な霊魂(霊我)の存在を知り、霊我の本性に安立することを解脱(げだつ)とする。この派の哲学はサーンキヤ学派の体系に依存するところが多い。ヨーガは心統一のみならず、広く修行、行道をも意味する。『バガバッド・ギーター』(前2世紀ころ)では知と行為と神への信愛とをそれぞれヨーガとよぶ。後の新ウパニシャッドのうち、ヨーガ・ウパニシャッドの類は、ヨーガをマントラ(真言(しんごん))、ハタ(身体的努力)、ラヤ(無心)、ラージャ(王、最高)の四つに分類する。ハタ・ヨーガは流行し、スワートマーラーマ(16、17世紀)は『ハタ・ヨーガ・プラディーピカー』を著し、体位(体操)、呼吸法など肉体的・生理的操作を説いている。 禅定(ぜんじょう)を重んじた仏教は初めヨーガの語をそれに限らなかった。しかし、弥勒(みろく)、無著(むじゃく)、世親(せしん)によって確立された唯識(ゆいしき)学派は、ヨーガ・アーチャーラ(瑜伽行(ゆがぎょう))派とよばれる。このヨーガは禅定の意である。その後に盛んになる密教においては、瑜伽(ヨーガ)とは仏との合一を意味し、密教経典は通常、所作、行、瑜伽、無上瑜伽の四つに分類される。 [村上真完] 『金倉圓照著『インド哲学仏教学研究Ⅱ』(1974・春秋社)』▽『佐保田鶴治著『ヨーガ根本聖典』(1973・平河出版社)』 [参照項目] | |出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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