Lockyer - Joseph Norman Lockyer

Japanese: ロッキャー - ろっきゃー(英語表記)Joseph Norman Lockyer
Lockyer - Joseph Norman Lockyer

British astronomer. Discoverer of helium in the solar atmosphere. Born into a middle-class family in Rugby, he joined the War Office in 1857, but studied astronomy in his spare time. In 1866, he started using a spectroscope and honed his skills in observing the solar spectrum as an amateur. In 1868, he invented a device to take spectroscopic photographs of prominences at normal times other than during a total solar eclipse. In the same year, he detected an unknown emission line in a spectroscopic photograph of a prominence during a total solar eclipse in India, naming this element helium. In 1869, he observed a Doppler shift in the prominence emission line and measured its eruption speed. He also analyzed the spectrum of sunspots to clarify the turbulent structure of the internal gas. He discussed the correlation between sunspots and weather, and founded the scientific journal Nature (1869). For these achievements, he was commended by the French government in 1872 and by the Royal Society in 1874, and was awarded a knighthood in 1897. In 1885 he became director of the South Kensington Astrophysical Observatory, in 1903 president of the Association for the Advancement of Science, and in 1913 director of Lockyer Observatory.

[Shimamura Fukutaro]

[References] | Sunspots | Spectrum | Redshift | Spectroscope | Helium

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

イギリスの天文学者。太陽大気中のヘリウムの発見者。ラグビーの中流家庭に生まれ、1857年陸軍省に入ったが、余暇に天文学をたしなみ、1866年から分光器を使用し、アマチュアながら太陽スペクトル観測の技を磨いた。1868年、紅炎の分光写真を皆既日食以外の平常時に撮影する装置を考案した。また同年にインドでの皆既日食における紅炎の分光写真中に未知の輝線を検出し、この元素をヘリウムと名づけ、1869年には紅炎の輝線にドップラー偏移を認めて、その噴出速度を測定した。また黒点のスペクトルを分析して内部気体の攪乱(かくらん)構造を解明した。黒点と気象との相関を論じ、科学雑誌『ネイチャー』Natureを創刊した(1869)。これらの功績により、1872年フランス政府から、また1874年イギリスの王立協会から表彰され、1897年に叙爵された。1885年南ケンジントン天体物理観測所所長、1903年科学振興協会会長、1913年ロッキャー天文台台長に就任した。

[島村福太郎]

[参照項目] | 黒点 | スペクトル | 赤方偏移 | 分光器 | ヘリウム

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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