Montale - Eugenio Montale

Japanese: モンターレ - もんたーれ(英語表記)Eugenio Montale
Montale - Eugenio Montale

Italian poet. Born into a wealthy merchant family in Genoa. In his late teens, he aspired to be an opera singer, but gave up on this after the death of his tutor and his military service in World War I. After the war, in 1922, he began publishing poems in the magazine Primo Tempo, and published his first collection of poems, Squid Bones (1925), at the urging of the revolutionary liberal Gobetti. The eastern coast of Liguria, where he spent his childhood, and especially the scenery of Monterosso, where he had a villa, became the source of his poetic inspiration. His early poems are fond of singing of cliffs dropping into the sea, giant twisting pine trees, and the roaring Mediterranean sea groaning as it swallows up rubble. Montale's poetry, which he had suffered from since childhood from the consciousness of "the evil of living," has a rough and heavy meter that contrasts sharply with the poems of Ungaretti, who also participated in World War I and wrote hail-like poems, brushing aside all pretense, in the trenches surrounded by death. Together with Quasimodo from Sicily, who wrote lyrical resistance poems about the horrors of World War II a little later, Montale became a leading figure in the mainstream of Hermetism in 20th century Italian poetry.

In 1925, he signed the Anti-Fascist Manifesto for Intellectuals, proposed by philosopher Croce. In 1927, he moved to Florence and joined the editorial staff of the publishing house Bemporadto, and in 1928, he became director of the Biucio Library, but was dismissed because he was not a member of the Fascist Party. Between the two world wars, he joined the magazine Solaria with Vittoria Vittoria, Gadda, and Pavese, and translated works of English and American literature, including Shakespeare, H. Melville, and T. S. Eliot, amid intensifying censorship and oppression. During this time, he published a collection of poems, Opportunities (1939), and during the anti-fascist struggle, he belonged to the Action Party. After liberation, he wrote literary reviews for the newspaper Corriere della Sera from 1946. In 1948, he moved to Milan, where he also became a frequent writer of music reviews. He published the poetry collections "Storm and Other Things" (1956), "Satura" (1971), and "Notes of Four Years" (1977), as well as the prose collections "The Butterfly of Dinard" (1956), "Auto da Hue" (1966), and "On Poetry" (1976), for which he was awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1975.

[Hideaki Kawashima]

[References] | Ungaretti | Ermettismo | Gadda | Quasimodo | Pavese | Vittolini

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

イタリアの詩人。ジェノバの富裕な商家に生まれる。10代の終わりにはオペラ歌手を志していたが、私淑していた個人教授の死去と第一次世界大戦従軍のため断念。戦後の1922年から『プリーモ・テンポ』誌に詩を発表し始め、革命的自由主義者ゴベッティの勧めで処女詩集『烏賊(いか)の骨』(1925)を刊行した。幼少年時代を過ごしたリグリア東海岸、とりわけ別荘のあったモンテロッソの風景が、詩想の源泉となった。海へ落ち込む断崖(だんがい)、身をよじる松の巨木、瓦礫(がれき)を呑(の)んで呻吟(しんぎん)する地中海の轟(とどろ)きが、初期詩編には好んで歌われる。幼いときから「生きるという悪」の意識に苦しみ続けたモンターレの詩は、荒々しく重い韻律を響かせるため、同じく第一次世界大戦に参加し、死に囲まれた塹壕(ざんごう)の中で、いっさいの虚飾を払い落とし霰(あられ)のごとき詩を書き留めたウンガレッティの詩編と、際だった対照をみせる。また、やや遅れて第二次世界大戦の惨禍を叙情的な抵抗詩に歌った、シチリア島出身のクアジーモドとともに、モンターレは20世紀イタリア詩壇の主流エルメティズモの立役者となった。

 1925年、哲学者クローチェの提唱した知識人の反ファシズム宣言に署名。1927年にはフィレンツェに居を移して出版社ベンポラッドの編集に加わり、翌1928年にはビウシウー図書館長となったが、ファシスト党員でないため解任された。両大戦間には、ビットリーニ、ガッダ、パベーゼらと『ソラーリア』誌に加わり、検閲と弾圧の強まるなかで、シェークスピア、H・メルビル、T・S・エリオットら英米文学の翻訳を行った。その間に詩集『機会』(1939)を発表、反ファシズム闘争の際には行動党に所属し、解放後は、1946年から『コルリエーレ・デラ・セーラ』紙に拠(よ)って文芸時評を担当した。1948年になるとミラノに居を移し、音楽時評にも健筆を振るうようになった。詩集『嵐(あらし)とその他』(1956)、『サートゥラ』(1971)、『4年間のノート』(1977)を出版。また、散文集『ディナールの蝶(ちょう)』(1956)、『信仰証書(アウト・ダ・フエ)』(1966)、『詩について』(1976)なども発表して、1975年ノーベル文学賞を授与された。

[河島英昭]

[参照項目] | ウンガレッティ | エルメティズモ | ガッダ | クアジーモド | パベーゼ | ビットリーニ

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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