Mendeleev (English spelling) Dmitriy Ivanovich Mendeleev

Japanese: メンデレーエフ - めんでれーえふ(英語表記)Дмитрий Иванович Менделеев/Dmitriy Ivanovich Mendeleev
Mendeleev (English spelling) Dmitriy Ivanovich Mendeleev

Russian chemist who discovered the periodic law. Born in Tobolsk, Western Siberia, as the son of a middle school principal, he graduated from the Central Pedagogical University in St. Petersburg in 1855. He became a private lecturer in chemistry at St. Petersburg University in 1857, and studied abroad at the University of Heidelberg in Germany for two years from 1859. He became a full-time lecturer at St. Petersburg University in 1864 and a professor of industrial chemistry in 1865.

[Masao Uchida]

Early research

His early research was directed at physical chemistry, such as crystal isomorphism, specific volume, capillary action, surface tension, absolute boiling temperature (critical point) of gas, and density of alcohol-water solutions. His research explored the relationship between objectively measurable properties of elements and compounds and their composition, and this approach led to the later discovery of the periodic law. While studying abroad in 1860, he attended the world's first international conference of chemists held in Karlsruhe to resolve the confusion over the concepts of atomic weight and molecular weight, and immediately approved Cannizzaro's proposal based on Avogadro's law. Shortly after returning to Japan, he published Organic Chemistry (1861), which adopted a new atomic weight system. The correct concept of atomic weight was an essential prerequisite for the discovery of the periodic law.

[Masao Uchida]

Discovery of the Periodic Law

In 1867, Mendeleev became professor of general chemistry at St. Petersburg University, succeeding his teacher AA Voskresenskiy (1809-1880), and began writing his major work, Principles of Chemistry ( Osnovï himii) (1869-1871), as a textbook for his lectures. The periodic law was discovered in March 1869, as a result of his consideration of the order in which the 63 elements known at the time should be listed in this book. By comparing the atomic weights of groups of elements with similar chemical properties, including valence, he discovered that "elements arranged according to the size of their atomic weights change periodically in their properties." Mendeleev's periodic table not only included all known elements, but also left spaces for undiscovered elements, and some elements, such as beryllium, were placed in their correct positions after correcting their atomic weights. He was convinced of the correctness of the periodic law, and in the following year, 1870, he predicted in detail the properties of three undiscovered elements; the properties of the three elements gallium (1875), scandium (1879), and germanium (1886), which were soon discovered, exactly matched his predictions. It can be said that he went beyond the framework of organizing existing knowledge to grasp the natural laws that exist between elements. In the same year as Mendeleev, J. L. Mayer of Germany also arrived at roughly the same law, focusing mainly on the periodic changes in the physical properties of elemental substances, but Mayer was reluctant to predict undiscovered elements.

After devoting himself to the study of the periodic law for about three years, Mendeleev returned to the study of gases and solutions. In addition to his scientific research, he conducted numerous technical studies and wrote books for the development of Russian industry. These included the publication of a technical encyclopedia, agricultural experiments, visiting the Caucasus and the Pennsylvania oil fields in the United States, studying the origin and use of petroleum, investigating the Donets coalfields and the iron-making industry in the Urals, and researching smokeless powder, shipbuilding, and customs. In 1890, he resigned from the university due to conflicts with the Ministry of Education, and in 1893 he became director of the Russian Bureau of Weights and Measures, a position he held until his death.

[Masao Uchida]

"Principles of Chemistry, supervised by Toyosuke Tanaka, 2 volumes (1978, Uchida Rokakuho)""Anatomy of Scientific Discovery - Mendeleev's Law, by B.M. Kedrov, translated by Saburo Otake (1973, Hosei University Press)""The Life of Mendeleev, by G. Smirnov, translated by Koichiro Kinoshita (1976, Kodansha)"

[References] | Avogadro's Law | Cannizzaro | Periodic Table | Periodic Law | Mayer

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

周期律を発見したロシアの化学者。西シベリアのトボリスクに、中学校長の子として生まれ、1855年サンクト・ペテルブルグの中央教育大学を卒業した。1857年ペテルブルグ大学の化学の私講師となり、1859年から2年間ドイツのハイデルベルク大学に留学、1864年ペテルブルグ大学専任講師、1865年工業化学担当教授となった。

[内田正夫]

初期の研究

初期の研究は、結晶同形、比体積、毛管現象、表面張力、気体の絶対沸騰温度(臨界点)、アルコール水溶液の密度など、物理化学方面に向けられた。それは単体や化合物における客観的に測定可能な諸性質とその組成との関連を追究したものであり、このような考え方は後の周期律発見へとつながっている。留学中の1860年には、原子量・分子量概念の混乱を解決するためにカールスルーエで開かれた世界最初の化学者国際会議に出席し、アボガドロの法則に基づくカニッツァーロの提案をただちに承認した。帰国後まもなく著した『有機化学』(1861)には新しい原子量体系が採用されている。正しい原子量概念は周期律発見の不可欠の前提であった。

[内田正夫]

周期律の発見

1867年、メンデレーエフは恩師ボスクレセンスキーА.А.Воскресенский/A. A. Voskresenskiy(1809―1880)の後任としてペテルブルグ大学一般化学教授となり、その講義のための教科書として主著『化学の原理』Основы химииOsnovï himii(1869~1871)の執筆を始めた。この書において当時知られた63種の元素をどのような順序で解説すべきかという考察が契機となって、1869年3月に周期律が発見された。すなわち彼は、原子価をはじめ化学的性質の類似した元素グループ相互の原子量を比較することにより、「原子量の大きさに従って並べられた元素はその性質が周期的に変化する」ことをみいだしたのである。メンデレーエフの周期表には既知元素すべてが盛り込まれただけでなく、未発見元素のための空席が設けられ、またベリリウムなどいくつかの元素は原子量を訂正して正しい位置に配置された。彼は周期律の正しさを確信し、翌1870年3種の未発見元素の性質を詳細に予言したが、やがて次々に発見されたガリウム(1875)、スカンジウム(1879)、ゲルマニウム(1886)の3元素の性質はその予言に正確に一致していた。彼は既知の知見の整理という枠を超えて、諸元素の間に存在する自然の法則性をとらえたということができよう。なお、ドイツのJ・L・マイヤーもメンデレーエフと同年に、おもに単体の物理的諸性質の周期的変化に着目してほぼ同じ法則に到達したが、マイヤーは未発見元素の予言には消極的であった。

 メンデレーエフは約3年間、周期律の研究に没頭したのち、ふたたび気体や溶液の研究に戻った。彼は科学的研究のほかにもロシアの産業発展のために数多くの技術学的研究と著作を行った。そのなかには、技術百科事典の刊行、農業実験、カフカス地方やアメリカのペンシルベニア油田の視察、石油の成因・利用法の研究、ドネツ炭田やウラルの製鉄業の調査、無煙火薬、造船、関税の研究などがある。1890年、文部省との衝突から大学を辞任、1893年、度量衡局長官となり、以後死ぬまでその職にあった。

[内田正夫]

『田中豊助監訳『化学の原理』全2冊(1978・内田老鶴圃)』『B・M・ケドロフ著、大竹三郎訳『科学的発見のアナトミア――メンデレーエフの法則をめぐって』(1973・法政大学出版局)』『G・スミルノフ著、木下高一郎訳『メンデレーエフ伝』(1976・講談社)』

[参照項目] | アボガドロの法則 | カニッツァーロ | 周期表 | 周期律 | マイヤー

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

<<:  Menderes River (English spelling)

>>:  Mendelsohn - Erich Mendelsohn

Recommend

Kaigen - Kaigen

Year of death: Bunmei 1.4.21? (1469.6.1) Year of b...

Ontake faith

... The lofty and majestic shape of Mt. Ontake ha...

Dispersion hardening

This refers to hardening caused by the presence of...

Kolonia

…The United States officially administered the is...

Dienophilic reagent - Dienophilic reagent

...In both industrial and laboratory use, it is v...

Agade

...Many of the kings of the First Dynasty of Kish...

Wilhelmina - Wilhelmina Helena Pauline Maria

Queen of the Netherlands (reigned 1890-1948). In ...

MJQ - MJQ

Please see the "Modern Jazz Quartet" pa...

Kiso [village] - Kiso

A village in Kiso County in the mid-west of Nagano...

Medal - Award

A national honor. A badge of honor bestowed by th...

Tanaka's snailfish

A marine fish belonging to the order Scorpaenifor...

Technological externalities

…As a means of restoring efficiency, AC Pigou con...

International New Education Fellowship

…In 1898, French educational reformer JE Demolins...

Apricot kernel oil

A fatty oil obtained by squeezing apricot kernels....

Tripolitania (English spelling)

A region on the Mediterranean coast in northweste...