Immunoglobulin - immunoglobulin

Japanese: 免疫グロブリン - めんえきぐろぶりん(英語表記)immunoglobulin
Immunoglobulin - immunoglobulin

Also called immunoglobulin. A general term for proteins found in the blood and body fluids of vertebrates that have the function and structure of antibodies, abbreviated as Ig. Most of the gamma (gamma)-globulin in serum is Ig. Its basic structure is two L chains with a molecular weight of about 23,000 and two H chains with a molecular weight of about 50,000 to 70,000 bonded by disulfide bridges (S-S bridges), giving it a total molecular weight of about 150,000 to 190,000. Depending on the type of H chain, gamma, alpha, mu, delta, and epsilon, there are five classes: IgG, IgA, IgM, IgD, and IgE. There are four subclasses of IgG and two subclasses of IgA. There are two types of L chains in each class: kappa (kappa) and lambda (lambda). Even within the same class, the amino acid sequences of the L and H chains from the amino terminus to the 110th position are diverse, and are called the variable region. This creates an antigen-binding site with a three-dimensional structure that specifically binds to each antigen. The molecule is shaped like a Y, with the two upper ends being equivalent antigen-binding sites, while the lower end (carboxy terminus) is the site where the antibody bound to the antigen exhibits biological activity, such as binding to complement or cells.

IgG has a molecular weight of about 155,000 and is the most abundant antibody in serum, with 8 to 18 grams per liter. All of the antibodies are antibodies that respond to some antigen. IgA has a basic unit with a molecular weight of about 170,000 and forms a trimer with a molecular weight of about 500,000. It is found in exocrine fluids and plays a role in preventing infection in mucous membranes. IgM is a pentamer with a basic structure of a molecular weight of about 180,000, and IgD has a molecular weight of about 172,000. IgE has a molecular weight of about 190,000 to 200,000 and contains a lot of sugar, and is involved in allergic reactions. When stimulated by an antigen, a lymphocyte B cell differentiates into a plasma cell (antibody-producing cell) that secretes immunoglobulin and synthesizes only the antibody that responds to that antigen. Myeloma is a tumor of such plasma cells, which produces a uniform antibody that responds to a single antigenic determinant. By fusing an antibody-producing cell with a myeloma cell and growing them, it is possible to produce a large amount of this uniform antibody, a monoclonal antibody.

[Koji Nomura]

"Immunology Series 6: Immunoglobulins," edited by Takeo Kureyanagi et al. (1970, Igaku-Shoin)""New Edition of the Japanese Hematology Encyclopedia Publication Committee, "Japanese Hematology Encyclopedia 8: Plasma Proteins and Immunoglobulins," edited by Yuichi Yamamura and Tadamitsu Kishimoto (1986, Iwanami Shoten)" ▽ "Invitation to Immunology," by Takehiko Tachibana (1986, Nippon Hyoronsha)" ▽ "Introduction to Immunology," edited by Nobuhiko Kasai and Hiroki Mori, written by Koichi Tamoto et al. (1989, Kodansha)" ▽ "Illustrated Immunology," by Edwin L. Cooper, supervised translation by Toshio Nishito, translated by Tatsunori Kuramochi et al. (1990, Nishimura Shoten)""Functional Structure of Proteins," edited by Kin'ichiro Miura (1990, Maruzen)""MJ Owen, translated by Kakio Sonoko et al., "The Recognition Mechanism of the Immune System: Structure and Recognition of the Two Major Receptors from a Molecular Level" (1991, Nanzando)"The Second Secret of Life: Molecular Mechanisms of Protein Cooperation and Allosteric Control" by Max Perutz et al., translated by Hayashi Toshihiko et al. (1991, McGraw-Hill Publishing)"The Cutting Edge of Protein Research" edited by Akasaka Kazuyuki (1991, San-ei Publishing)"Easy-to-Understand Immunology" edited by Terada Nobukuni and Sato Norio (1991, Medical Review Co., Ltd.)"Where Did the Japanese Come From? - Deciphering it from Blood Type Genes" by Matsumoto Hideo (1992, NHK Publishing Association)"Immunoglobulin Therapy" edited by Komuro Katsutoshi (1992, Kindai Publishing)"New Biochemistry Experiment Course 12" edited by the Japanese Biochemical Society Molecular Immunology (3) Antigens, Antibodies, and Complements (1992, Tokyo Kagaku Dojin)Yasushi Okumura, Talking About Immunity (1993, Tokyo Tosho)Eiji Okuhara, General Biochemistry (1993, Nanzando) ▽ Nao Matsuhashi et al., Latest Clinical Immunology (1994, Kodansha)Hiroyoshi Kikuchi and Yuri Kikuchi, Latest Illustrated Immunology (1995, Medical Culture)Hiroyoshi Kikuchi et al., Annual review -- Immunity (1995) (1995, Chugai Igakusha)Hirokazu Okudaira and Akimasa Miyamoto, Easy Allergy and Immunology (1998, Nihon Iji Shimposha)Takashi Isobe, The Intersection of Immune Abnormalities and Tumors -- Monoclonal Gammopathy (1998, Iyaku Journalsha)"100 Immunology Keywords for Clinicians" edited by Junichi Yada (1999, Nihon Iji Shinposha) " "New Edition: Clinical Immunology" edited by Nobuyuki Miyasaka et al. (2001, Kodansha)

[Reference] | Globulin | Serum | Antigen | Antibody | Disulfide bond | Protein | Immunity | Monoclonal antibody | Lymphocyte

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

イムノグロブリンともいう。脊椎(せきつい)動物の血液や体液中にあって抗体としての機能と構造をもつタンパク質の総称で、Igと略記する。血清中のγ(ガンマ)-グロブリンは、ほとんどがIgである。その基本構造は分子量約2万3000のL鎖2本と約5万~7万のH鎖2本がジスルフィド架橋(S‐S架橋)により結合したもので、全体で約15~19万の分子量になる。H鎖の種類、γ、α(アルファ)、μ(ミュー)、δ(デルタ)、ε(イプシロン)により、それぞれIgG、IgA、IgM、IgD、IgEの5クラスに分けられる。IgGには四つのサブクラスがあり、IgAには二つのサブクラスがある。L鎖は各クラスにκ(カッパ)とλ(ラムダ)の2種がある。同じクラスに属するものでもL、H両鎖のアミノ末端から110番目まではアミノ酸配列が多様で、可変領域とよんでいる。これによって個々の抗原に対応して特異的に結合するための立体構造をもつ抗原結合部位がつくられる。分子の形はいわばY字形で、二つの上端が等価の抗原結合部位であるのに対し、下端(カルボキシ末端)側は抗原と結合した抗体が補体や細胞と結合するなどの生物活性を示す部位である。

 IgGは、分子量約15万5000で血清中にもっとも多く、1リットル当り8~18グラム含まれており、すべてがなんらかの抗原に対応する抗体である。IgAは基本単位が分子量約17万で、分子量約50万の三量体をつくっている。外分泌液中にあって粘膜における感染の防御を担っている。IgMは分子量約18万の基本構造の五量体であり、IgDは分子量約17万2000である。IgEは分子量約19万~20万で糖の含有量が多く、アレルギー反応に関与する。ある抗原の刺激を受けた一つのリンパ球B細胞は分化して免疫グロブリンを分泌する形質細胞(抗体産生細胞)となり、この抗原に対応する抗体だけを合成する。骨髄腫(しゅ)はこのような形質細胞が腫瘍(しゅよう)化したもので、一つの抗原決定基に対応する均一な抗体をつくる。ある抗体産生細胞と骨髄腫細胞を細胞融合させ、増殖させることによってこの均一な抗体、モノクローナル抗体(単クローン性抗体)を大量につくることができる。

[野村晃司]

『畔柳武雄他編『免疫学叢書6 免疫グロブリン』(1970・医学書院)』『新版日本血液学全書刊行委員会編『日本血液学全書8 血漿蛋白と免疫グロブリン』(1981・丸善)』『山村雄一・岸本忠三編『岩波講座 免疫科学1 免疫学入門』(1986・岩波書店)』『橘武彦著『免疫学への招待』(1986・日本評論社)』『河西信彦・森洋樹編、田元浩一他著『入門 免疫学』(1989・講談社)』『Edwin L. Cooper著、西東利男監訳、倉茂達徳他訳『図解免疫学』(1990・西村書店)』『三浦謹一郎編『蛋白質の機能構造』(1990・丸善)』『M. J. Owen著、垣生園子他訳『免疫系の認識機構――分子レベルからみた二大レセプターの構造と認識』(1991・南江堂)』『マックス・ペルツ著、林利彦他訳『生命の第二の秘密――タンパク質の協同現象とアロステリック制御の分子機構』(1991・マグロウヒル出版)』『赤坂一之編『タンパク質研究の最前線』(1991・さんえい出版)』『寺田信国編著、佐藤紀朗著『わかりやすい免疫学』(1991・メディカルレビュー社)』『松本秀雄著『日本人は何処から来たか――血液型遺伝子から解く』(1992・日本放送出版協会)』『小室勝利編『免疫グロブリン療法』(1992・近代出版)』『日本生化学会編『新・生化学実験講座12 分子免疫学(3)抗原・抗体・補体』(1992・東京化学同人)』『奥村康著『免疫のはなし』(1993・東京図書)』『奥原英二著『一般生化学』(1993・南江堂)』『松橋直他編『最新臨床免疫学』(1994・講談社)』『菊地浩吉・菊地由里著『最新免疫学図説』(1995・メディカルカルチュア)』『菊地浩吉他編『Annual review――免疫(1995)』(1995・中外医学社)』『奥平博一・宮本昭正著『やさしいアレルギー・免疫学』(1998・日本医事新報社)』『磯部敬著『免疫異常と腫瘍の接点――モノクローナル免疫グロブリン症』(1998・医薬ジャーナル社)』『矢田純一編『臨床医のための免疫キーワード100』(1999・日本医事新報社)』『宮坂信之他編『新版 臨床免疫学』(2001・講談社)』

[参照項目] | グロブリン | 血清 | 抗原 | 抗体 | ジスルフィド結合 | タンパク質 | 免疫 | モノクローナル抗体 | リンパ球

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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