Business owner (China) - gyoshu

Japanese: 業主（中国） - ぎょうしゅ

…From the late 11th century to the land reforms of the mid-20th century, the term was a resistance movement by Chinese tenant farmers known as denko (or dennō) against landlords (denshu or yōshū) over the collection of rent. In China, a practice similar in form to the tenant farming system had already existed since the Han dynasty, but it was not until the 10th century that the system in which landlords who owned land leased land under contract with denko and denko paid rent (the rent denko system or landlord denko system) became widespread mainly in central and southern China. Materials on resistance to rent, which had pioneered examples in the late Tang dynasty and the mid-8th century, began to appear in the late 11th century, during the mid-Northern Song dynasty, and began to appear in the areas of Suzhou and Jiaxing in the delta on the south bank of the lower Yangtze River.

From the Landlord

…During this period, the aristocracy as hereditary bureaucrats fell into decline, and instead of the powerful clans that maintained the traditional family ties and supported the aristocracy by owning land using slave labor such as slaves, vassals, and landowners, the number of landowners using tenant farmers gradually increased. In the Song Dynasty that began in the late 10th century, the terms denshu (field owner), which directly refers to the owner of the field, soshu (rental owner), which refers to the person who receives the rent, and gyoshu (owner of the property), which refers to the owner of the property, appeared as general terms for private owners who used the labor of others. In Japanese academic circles of Chinese history, the formation of landlords is associated with this period of the Tang-Song transition. …

*Some of the terminology explanations that mention "Employer (China)" are listed below.

Source | Heibonsha World Encyclopedia 2nd Edition | Information

Japanese:

…11世紀後半から20世紀中葉の土地改革にかけての期間，中国の小作農に当たる佃戸（でんこ）(あるいは佃農)の行った，小作料の徴収をめぐる地主(田主（でんしゆ）あるいは業主)への抵抗運動。中国ではすでに漢代から形態の上で小作制度に近似した慣行はあったが，土地を所有する地主が佃戸と契約を交わして土地を貸し出し，佃戸が小作料を納入する制度(租佃制あるいは地主佃戸制)が華中･華南を中心に普及していくのは10世紀に入ってからであり，すでに唐代後半，8世紀半ばに先駆的な例のある抗租についての資料も，11世紀後半，北宋中期，長江(揚子江)下流南岸デルタの蘇州市，嘉興市方面での動きを伝えるものをはじめとしてしだいに増えてくる。…

【地主】より

…この時期は世襲的な官僚としての貴族が没落し，伝統的な同族結合を保持し，奴婢や部曲（ぶきよく），佃客（でんきやく）など隷属性の強い労働力を用いた土地所有によって貴族制を支えていた豪族に代わって，小作農としての佃戸を使用する土地所有者がしだいに増加する。10世紀後半に始まる宋代には，田の所有者を直接的に意味する田主（でんしゆ），小作料の取得者を意味する租主（そしゆ），財産の所有権者を指す業主（ぎようしゆ）という語が，他人労働を用いる私的所有者の一般的呼称として登場する。日本の中国史学界では，地主の形成をこの唐･宋変革期に比定している。…

※「業主（中国）」について言及している用語解説の一部を掲載しています。

出典｜株式会社平凡社世界大百科事典第２版について | 情報

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