Ramsay, Sir William

Japanese: ラムゼー（英語表記）Ramsay， Sir William
Ramsay, Sir William
Born: October 2, 1852, Glasgow
[Died] July 23, 1916. British chemist from High Wycombe. He studied in Germany (1870) under R. Bunsen at the University of Heidelberg. After returning to Japan, he became assistant professor at Anderson University (72), professor at the University of Bristol (80), and professor at the University of London (87). He was a member of the Royal Society (88). He is known for his valuable achievements in stoichiometry, such as the discovery of the relationship between pressure and melting point (Ramsay-Young rule) in 1886 and the relationship between surface tension and temperature (Ramsay-Shields equation) in 1893, as well as his research on the physiological effects of alkaloids. However, his greatest achievements were the theoretical predictions and experimental confirmations of the inert gas elements, including the discovery of argon in collaboration with J. Rayleigh, as well as helium, neon, krypton, xenon (94-98), and radon (1912). Together with F. Soddy, he demonstrated that radioactive material made from radium produces helium, proving the fact of elemental transmutation. (03) He was knighted in 1902 and awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 2004.

Ramsay
Ramsey, Norman Foster

Born: August 27, 1915 in Washington, DC
[Died] November 4, 2011. Wayland, Massachusetts. American physicist. He received his PhD in Physics from Columbia University in 1940 and his PhD in Science from Cambridge University in 1954. He taught at various universities in the United States, and was invited to Harvard University in 1947, where he became the Higgins Professor of Physics in 1966. In 1949, he discovered that atoms and atomic nuclei could be examined with extremely high precision by causing magnetic resonance (Ramsey resonance) by passing a molecular beam through an electromagnetic field applied to two separate locations. He also made it possible to measure time with ultra-precision by synchronizing microwaves, paving the way for the development of the cesium clock, which is used to determine time standards today. In the 1950s, he also made contributions to the study of hydrogen masers. He was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1989 along with Hans G. Dehmelt and Wolfgang Paul.

Ramsay
Ramsay, George

Born March 19, 1800. Pertscher, Eyles
[Died] February 22, 1871. Ales British philosopher, economist, and physician. Graduated from Trinity College, Cambridge. In economics, he adopted continental ideas and criticized Ricardian theory. His main work was "An Essay on the Distribution of Wealth" (1836). In terms of theory, he took a step away from classical economics by denying the absoluteness of capital, distinguishing between variable capital and constant capital and enhancing the organic composition of capital based on that, and introducing the concept of the entrepreneur from French economics to British economics. His achievement was that he took the existence of poor people in Britain during the establishment of capitalism as an economic problem and sought a solution in economics itself, but it cannot be said that he was necessarily very influential.

Ramsay
Ramsay, Sir Bertram Home

Born January 20, 1883 in Hampton
[Died] January 2, 1945, Paris. British naval officer and admiral. Entered the Naval Academy in 1898, and during World War I, commanded the destroyer fleet in the English Channel as a lieutenant colonel. In 1935, he became a rear admiral and Chief of the Naval Staff, but retired after three years. In World War II, he returned as commander of the English Channel, and mobilized 850 ships of various kinds to carry out the Dunkirk evacuation (Battle of Dunkirk), rescuing more than 338,000 British, French and other Allied forces from German pursuit. For this, he was knighted. He led the Royal Navy in many battles, including the North African campaign, the Sicily landings, and the Normandy landings. He died in a plane crash over Paris in 1945.

Ramsay
Ramsey, Arthur Michael

Born: November 14, 1904, Cambridge
Died April 23, 1988. A clergyman from Oxford, England. The 100th Archbishop of Canterbury. He studied at Cambridge University and Caddeston Theological College, and after serving as a pastor in various places, he became a professor of theology at Durham University in 1940 and at Cambridge University in 1950. He became Bishop of Durham in 1952, Archbishop of York in 1956, and Archbishop of Canterbury in 1961. He worked hard to unify the church, and in 1966 he formally met with Pope Paul VI, exchanging the kiss of peace with him. He also devoted himself to the study of the New Testament. He retired in 1974. His main work was The Gospel and the Catholic Church (1936).

Ramsay
Ramsey, Frank Plumpton

Born: 22 February 1903, Cambridge
[Died] January 19, 1930. British philosopher and mathematician. He studied mathematics at Cambridge University and served as a lecturer there. He advocated the revision of the theory of propositional functions by A. Whitehead and B. Russell and the simplification of type theory presented there. He was also influenced by the early thought of L. Wittgenstein and developed his theory of tautology and explanation. His main work is The Foundations of Mathematics and Other Logical Essays (1931).

Ramsay
Ramsay, Allan

Born: October 13, 1713, Edinburgh
Died August 10, 1784. Dover. Scottish portrait painter. Son of poet A. Ramsay. After studying in Edinburgh, he studied in London in 1734 and in Italy from 1736 to 1738. After returning to England, he was active in London, but traveled to Italy again from 1755 to 1757. In the 1760s, while painting portraits of the royal family, he became friends with the literary master S. Johnson and showed an interest in classical studies and political debates. His main work is "Portrait of Dr. Mead" (1747, Foundling Hospital, London).

Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia About Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia Information

Japanese:
[生]1852.10.2. グラスゴー
[没]1916.7.23. ハイウィカム
イギリスの化学者。ドイツに留学 (1870) ，ハイデルベルク大学の R.ブンゼンのもとに学び，帰国後アンダーソン大学助手 (72) ，ブリストル大学教授 (80) ，ロンドン大学教授 (87) 。ロイヤル・ソサエティ会員 (88) 。 1886年の圧力と融点の関係式 (ラムゼー＝ヤングの規則) ，93年の表面張力と温度の関係式 (ラムゼー＝シールズの式) の発見など化学量論に関する貴重な業績，アルカロイドの生理作用に関する研究などが知られるが，彼の最大の業績は，J.レイリーとの共同になるアルゴンの発見をはじめとする，ヘリウム，ネオン，クリプトン，キセノン (94～98) ，ラドン (1912) と不活性気体元素の理論的予測と実験的確認である。また，F.ソディとともにラジウムからできる放射物資がヘリウムを生成することを明らかにし，元素転換の事実を証明した (03) 。 1902年ナイトの称号を贈られ，04年ノーベル化学賞を受賞。

ラムゼー
Ramsey, Norman Foster

[生]1915.8.27. ワシントンD.C.
[没]2011.11.4. マサチューセッツ，ウェーランド
アメリカ合衆国の物理学者。1940年コロンビア大学で物理学の博士号を，1954年にケンブリッジ大学で理学博士号を取得した。アメリカの各大学で教鞭をとり，1947年ハーバード大学に招かれ，1966年にはヒギンズ記念物理学教授に就任した。1949年，離れた 2ヵ所にかけた電磁場に分子線を通して磁気共鳴（ラムゼー共鳴）を起こすことにより，原子や原子核をきわめて高い精度で調べられることを見出した。またマイクロ波を同調させて超精密な時間計測を可能にし，今日，時間標準の決定に使われているセシウム時計の開発に道を開いた。1950年代には水素メーザーの研究にも業績を上げた。ハンス・G.デーメルト，ウォルフガング・パウルとともに 1989年にノーベル物理学賞を受賞した。

ラムゼー
Ramsay， George

[生]1800.3.19. パートシャー，エイルス
[没]1871.2.22. エイルス
イギリスの哲学者，経済学者，医師。ケンブリッジのトリニティ・カレッジ卒業。経済学面では大陸の諸思想を取入れてリカード派の理論を批判した。主著"An Essay on the Distribution of Wealth" (1836) 。理論的には，古典派経済学から一歩脱却する資本の絶対性の否認，可変資本と不変資本の区別とそれに基づく資本の有機的構成の高度化，フランス経済学からイギリス経済学への企業家という概念の導入などがあげられる。資本主義確立期のイギリスにおける貧困者の存在を経済学的に問題とし，その解決の道を経済学そのものに求めた点に彼の業績があるが，必ずしも大きな影響力をもったとはいえない。

ラムゼー
Ramsay， Sir Bertram Home

[生]1883.1.20. ハンプトン
[没]1945.1.2. パリ
イギリスの海軍軍人，大将。 1898年海軍兵学校入学，第1次世界大戦中は中佐でドーバー海峡の駆逐艦隊を指揮した。 1935年少将となり，海軍参謀総長となったが3年で引退。第2次世界大戦でドーバー海峡司令官として復帰，ダンケルク撤収作戦 (ダンケルクの戦い ) を，各種船舶 850隻を動員してやりとげ，英仏その他の連合軍 33万 8000人以上をドイツ軍の追撃から救った功によりナイト爵に叙せられた。その後も北アフリカ作戦，シチリア島上陸作戦，ノルマンディー上陸作戦と，イギリス海軍を率いて転戦した。 45年パリ上空で墜落死。

ラムゼー
Ramsey， Arthur Michael

[生]1904.11.14. ケンブリッジ
[没]1988.4.23. オックスフォード
イギリスの聖職者。第 100代カンタベリー大主教。ケンブリッジ大学，カデストン神学大学で学び，各地で牧師をしたのち，1940年ダラム大学，50年ケンブリッジ大学の神学教授。 52年ダラム主教，56年ヨーク，61年カンタベリー各大主教。教会統一に尽力し，66年教皇パウルス6世と正式に会見，平和の口づけをかわした。新約聖書の研究にも力を注いだ。 74年引退。主著『福音とカトリック教会』 The Gospel and the Catholic Church (1936) 。

ラムゼー
Ramsey， Frank Plumpton

[生]1903.2.22. ケンブリッジ
[没]1930.1.19. ケンブリッジ
イギリスの哲学者，数学者。ケンブリッジ大学で数学を修め，同大学講師をつとめた。 A.ホワイトヘッドと B.ラッセルによる命題関数の理論の修正とそこに示されているタイプ理論の簡約化を主張。また L.ウィトゲンシュタインの初期思想の影響を受け，そのトートロジー理論や説明理論を発展させた。主著『数学の基礎と論理学的諸論文』 The Foundations of Mathematics and Other Logical Essays (1931) 。

ラムゼー
Ramsay， Allan

[生]1713.10.13. エディンバラ
[没]1784.8.10. ドーバー
スコットランドの肖像画家。詩人 A.ラムゼーの子。エディンバラで学んだのち，1734年にロンドン，36～38年にイタリアで修業。帰国後はロンドンで活躍したが，55～57年には再びイタリアに旅行。 60年代は王室の肖像画などを描きながら，文豪 S.ジョンソンらと交友をもち，古典の研究や政治問題の論争などに関心を示した。主要作品は『ミード博士像』 (1747，ロンドン，ファンドリング病院) 。

出典　ブリタニカ国際大百科事典 小項目事典ブリタニカ国際大百科事典 小項目事典について　情報

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