Combine - Konbain (English spelling) combine

Japanese: コンバイン - こんばいん(英語表記)combine
Combine - Konbain (English spelling) combine

An agricultural machine that travels over rice fields and other farmland to harvest and thresh grains such as rice, wheat, soybeans, and corn. It is an abbreviation of combine harvester. "Combine" is an English word meaning to combine or join, and this word did not originally have the meaning of a harvesting machine, but a harvesting machine that combines a reaper and a thresher is called a combine harvester, and the word combine has come to be widely used as an abbreviation for that.

The combine harvester was invented in the United States in the mid-19th century to efficiently harvest grains such as wheat. Early combine harvesters were powered by animals, but in the 20th century they evolved into powered combine harvesters equipped with internal combustion engines, and became the prototype for today's combine harvesters. A combine harvester is made up of a cutting section with clippers or disc-shaped blades, a transport section for the harvested crop, a threshing section that removes the kernels from the ears and stalks, a grain tank that temporarily stores the threshed grains, and a straw processing section.

In Japan, automatic threshing combines (also known as self-threshing combines) with a tracked (commonly known as caterpillar) running device for running on wetlands such as rice paddies and a unique threshing section that feeds only the ears of grain into the threshing section were first sold in 1967 (Showa 42). Combines have continued to evolve since then, and models that can harvest in small farmland and on sloping land have become popular. Yield combines that can measure the weight and moisture of grains at harvest time while capturing location information using GPS (Global Positioning System) and input the yield distribution into a computer have also come into use. Furthermore, today, robotic combines that can perform harvesting work unmanned have also appeared.

[Ken Taniwaki May 19, 2017]

[Reference item] | Agricultural machinery
Structure of an automatic threshing combine
[Harvesting section] The weeding section separates tangled culms and lifts up fallen culms. The rotating raking belt and raking case guide the culms to the cutting section. The culms are harvested using a reciprocating blade clipper. [Threshing section] The harvested culms are threshed by a feed chain (tip and base feed chain) and sent to the threshing body for threshing. [Sorting section] The threshed grains fall onto a rocking sorting shelf together with straw waste, and are further sorted by the grain pan, grain sieve, and chaff sieve. They are also refined by the wind from the winnowing machine. [Discharge section] The grains are temporarily stored in a grain tank, and then discharged by an auger or collected in chaff bags. © Takahashi Makoto © Aoki Takashi ">

Structure of an automatic threshing combine


Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

田や畑の上を走行しながら、イネ、ムギ、ダイズ、トウモロコシなどの穀物を収穫し脱穀作業などを行う農業機械。コンバイン・ハーベスターcombine harvesterの略語である。「コンバイン」は組み合わせる、結合するという意味の英語であり、このことばに収穫機械という意味はもともとなかったが、刈取り機と脱穀機を組み合わせた収穫機械をコンバイン・ハーベスターとよび、その略称としてコンバインということばが広く使われるようになった。

 コンバインは、ムギなどの穀物の収穫作業を効率的に行うために、19世紀中ころにアメリカで発明された。初期のコンバインは畜力式であったが、20世紀になると内燃機関を搭載した動力式のコンバインとして進化し、今日のコンバインの原型となった。コンバインは、バリカンやディスク状の刃の刈取り部、刈り取った収穫物の搬送部、穂や茎から実を取り出す脱穀部、脱穀した穀粒を一時貯留するグレインタンク、排藁(わら)処理部などから構成されている。

 日本では水田という湿地を走行するために装軌式(通称キャタピラー)の走行装置をもち、穂の部分だけを脱穀部に入れる独自の脱穀部をもつ自動脱穀コンバイン(いわゆる自脱コンバイン)が1967年(昭和42)に市販化されている。コンバインはその後も進化を続け、狭小な農地での収穫が可能なものや、傾斜地での収穫が可能なものも普及してきている。また、位置情報をGPS(全地球測位システム)でとらえながら収穫時の穀物の重さや水分などを逐次測定し、収量分布をコンピュータに取り込むことができるような収量コンバインも使われるようになった。さらに今日では、収穫作業を無人でできるようなロボットコンバインも登場してきている。

[谷脇 憲 2017年5月19日]

[参照項目] | 農業機械
自動脱穀コンバインの構造
〔刈取部〕分草部はもつれた穀稈を分離し、倒伏した穀稈を引き起こす。回動する掻込みベルトと掻込みケースは穀稈を切断部へ導く。往復刃形のバリカンで穀稈を刈り取る。〔脱穀部〕刈り取った穀稈はフィードチェーン(穂先・根元送りチェーン)で扱き胴に送られ脱穀される。〔選別部〕脱穀された穀粒は藁くずとともに揺動選別棚上に落下し、さらにグレンパン、グレンシーブ、チャフシーブで選別される。また唐箕の起風により精選される。〔排出部〕穀粒は穀粒タンクに一時貯留し、オーガーで排出されるか、あるいは籾袋に回収される©高橋 真 ©青木 隆">

自動脱穀コンバインの構造


出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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