Carneades's board - Carneades's board

Japanese: カルネアデスの板 - かるねあですのいた
Carneades's board - Carneades's board

It is one of the ethical thought experiments, but is also considered a good subject in criminal law. It was named after a case raised by the ancient Greek philosopher Carneades. Carneades asked whether it was justifiable to survive when a shipwreck occurs at sea and a castaway steals a plank that only one person can hold on to from another castaway. According to today's criminal law theory, this case discusses the limits of emergency evacuation as defined in Article 37 of the Criminal Code, which asks whether it is permissible to sacrifice the life of another person in order to save one's own life. For this reason, this case is often cited when discussing the nature and limits of emergency evacuation.

There is a dispute as to whether a state of emergency exists in such a case of life versus life. In other words, the conflict is whether this case should be treated as a reason for excluding illegality, or whether, although illegal, it should be considered a reason for excluding liability because it is not expected to be so. Either way, the fact that it is non-punishable is the same. Some views affirm a state of emergency based on the social equivalent theory regarding the essence of excluding illegality, but according to the balancing theory of legal interests (the theory that illegality is excluding a legal interest of high value when a legal interest of low value is sacrificed to save a legal interest of high value; also known as the superior interest theory), it is interpreted that the highest and special legal interest, that of life, does not constitute a excluding illegality. Depending on which theory is adopted, there will be differences in whether the victim can exercise self-defense against this type of act.

[Tetsuro Nawa]

[Reference items] | Illegal grounds for prevention | Carneades | Expected possibility | Emergency evacuation | Legal interest

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

倫理学的な思考実験の一つであるが、刑法学においても格好の素材とされる。古代ギリシアの哲学者カルネアデスが問題提起した事例に関連してこの名がつけられた。洋上で船が難破した際、漂流者が、1人しかつかまれない板を、他の漂流者から奪い取って生き延びた場合、この行為は正当といえるかどうかを、カルネアデスは問うた。この事例は、今日の刑法理論によれば、自分の生命を救うためにやむをえず他人の生命を犠牲にすることが許されるかという刑法第37条の緊急避難の限界を論じたものである。そのため、緊急避難の本質や限界を論ずる際に、この事例がしばしば引用される。

 このような生命対生命の場合につき緊急避難が成立するかについては争いがある。すなわち、この場合を違法阻却事由として処理するか、違法ではあるが、期待可能性がないものとして責任阻却事由とするかという対立であるが、いずれによっても不可罰となる点では同じである。違法阻却の本質に関する社会相当説によって緊急避難を肯定する見解もあるが、法益衡量説(価値の低い法益を犠牲にして価値の高い法益を救う場合、その違法性は阻却されるという説。優越的利益説ともいう)によれば、生命という最高かつ特殊な法益については違法阻却にあたらないと解することになる。どの説をとるかによって、この種の行為に対して、被害者が正当防衛をなしうるかなどについて違いを生じる。

[名和鐵郎]

[参照項目] | 違法阻却事由 | カルネアデス | 期待可能性 | 緊急避難 | 法益

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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