The word is derived from the Hebrew māša, meaning "to anoint," and originally meant "the anointed one." In Greek it was translated as christos (Christ), and from there it later became the commonly used word for "Savior" or "Messiah." [Tsukimoto Akio] The Messiah in Ancient IsraelSince ancient times in the Orient, a ritual of anointing the head with oil has been performed when kings and priests ascend to the throne, and this custom was also adopted during the ancient Israelite dynasty (e.g., Samuel 10:1, Leviticus 4:3). This signifies that a person has been specially chosen and sanctified by God, and appointed as the leader and ruler of the people. However, the people of Israel, who had never been able to find a king who they could truly trust after David and Solomon, gradually began to long for the appearance of an ideal king, linked to the image of King David, especially as they faced the threat of external enemies. They were longing for the so-called Messiah (e.g., Isaiah 11:1-5). Persian King Cyrus II (reigned 559-530 BCE), who liberated the people of Israel (Judah) from Babylonian captivity, was also their Messiah (Isaiah 45:1). Later, however, the expectation of a Messiah was combined with apocalyptic thought, which sought the end of the world to solve the real suffering and plight of the Jews, and changed into the expectation of an apocalyptic Messiah. In the era of Judaism, which had lost its political independence, a heavenly Messiah was thought of in apocalyptic literature, and in nationalistic terms, for example, Bar Kosheba (Kokhba), the leader of the anti-Roman uprising, was called the Messiah. It has been revealed recently that the idea of the Messiah also occupied an important position in the Qumran sect, which lived a monastic communal life under strict religious rules. However, the idea of the Messiah has not played a significant role in Judaism since then, except in a few cases, up to the present day. [Tsukimoto Akio] Jesus Christ as the MessiahChristianity positions Jesus of Nazareth as the Christ, or Messiah. In doing so, it also incorporates the image of the Messiah as a king who would emerge from the descendants of David, but what is important ideologically is the combination of Jesus' life with the image of the Messiah as the "Suffering Servant" (Isaiah, Chapter 53). Jesus is not the Christ (Messiah) because he rules the world with kingly power. By walking the path of suffering as a servant and even being executed to death by crucifixion, he atoned for human sin and provided people with liberation and salvation from sin. This is the distinctive feature of Christian messianic thought. Christianity also has a belief in the Second Coming, that Christ, who was once put to death, will be resurrected and will return in the future, as the hope for the complete completion of this salvation. [Tsukimoto Akio] Other Messianic IdeasThus, the idea of the messiah is a product of Judaism and Christianity, but if we interpret the messiah broadly as a religious savior, the idea of the messiah can also be found in other religions to a certain extent. Zoroastrianism believed that a savior would appear 3,000 years after Zoroaster's death, and there are many examples of religions around the world and in different eras where a savior is longed for or a charismatic leader who performs miracles and prophecies is revered as the savior. Therefore, the messiah is understood in a broad sense as a savior who will free individuals or specific communities from their difficulties and promise peace and prosperity, and even as a savior with divine authority. [Tsukimoto Akio] "Studies on Prophets and Messiahs" by Kiyoshi Ohata (1980, Yamamoto Shoten) " "World Religious History Series 4: History of Judaism" by Tomoo Ishida (1980, Yamakawa Publishing) Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
ヘブライ語マーシャハmāšaすなわち「油を注ぐ」から派生した語で、原意は「油を注がれた者」。ギリシア語ではクリストスchristos(キリスト)と訳され、ここからのちに「救い主」「救世主」を表す語として一般的に用いられるようになった。 [月本昭男] 古代イスラエルにおけるメシア古くからオリエントにおいては王や祭司が即位するとき、頭に塗油する儀式が行われており、古代イスラエル王朝時代においてもこの習慣は取り入れられた(「サムエル記」10章一節、「レビ記」4章3節など)。これは、神からとくに選ばれ、聖別されて、民の指導者、支配者として任命されることを意味する。しかし、ダビデ、ソロモン以後ついに真の信望おける王の出現を得ることができなかったイスラエルの民の間では、とくに外敵の脅威にさらされるなかで、しだいにダビデ王のイメージと結合した理想の王の出現が待望されるに至った。いわゆるメシア待望である(たとえば「イザヤ書」11章1~5節)。バビロニアに捕囚されたイスラエル(ユダ)の民を解放したペルシア王キロス2世(在位前559~前530)も彼らにとってメシアであった(「イザヤ書」45章一節)が、さらに時代が下ると、メシア待望は、現実の苦難、窮状の解決を終末の到来に求める終末思想と結合して、終末的メシア待望へと変わっていった。政治的な独立を失ったユダヤ教の時代になると、黙示文学的に天上のメシアが考えられたり、民族主義的に、たとえば反ローマ蜂起(ほうき)の旗頭バル・コシェバ(コホバ)がメシアとよばれたりもした。厳格な戒律のもとに修道院的な共同生活を営んでいたクムラン教団においても、メシア思想が重要な位置を占めていた、ということが最近明らかにされてきている。しかしその後のユダヤ教においてメシア思想は、今日に至るまで、一部を除いてさほど大きな役割を果たさなかった。 [月本昭男] メシアとしてのイエス・キリストキリスト教は、ナザレのイエスをキリストすなわちメシアとして位置づける。その際、ダビデの子孫から出現する王としてのメシア像も取り入れられてはいるが、思想的に重要なのは「苦難の僕(しもべ)」(「イザヤ書」53章)としてのメシア像とイエスの生涯との結合であろう。イエスがキリスト(メシア)であるのは、彼が王の権力をもってこの世を治めるからではない。自ら僕として苦難の道を歩み、十字架による処刑の死にまでわたされることによって、人間の罪を贖(あがな)い、罪からの解放、救いを人々に与えた。この点にキリスト教的メシア思想の特質がある。この救いの全き完成の希望として、いったん死にわたされたキリストが復活し、さらに将来再臨するという再臨信仰もキリスト教にはある。 [月本昭男] その他のメシア思想このようにメシア思想はユダヤ・キリスト教的所産であるが、メシアを広く宗教的救済者と解すれば、メシア思想は他の宗教にも少なからずみいだされる。ゾロアスター教では、ゾロアスターの死後3000年に救世主が出現すると信じられたし、世界各地、各時代の諸宗教のなかには、救世主が待望されたり、奇跡や預言を行うカリスマ的指導者が救世主と仰がれる例が少なくない。それゆえメシアは、広義に、個々人や特定の共同体をその苦境から解放し、平和と繁栄を約束する救世主、しかも神的権威を帯びた救済者と解されもする。 [月本昭男] 『大畠清著『預言者とメシアの研究』(1980・山本書店)』▽『石田友雄著『世界宗教史叢書4 ユダヤ教史』(1980・山川出版社)』 出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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