Flock - herd

Japanese: 群れ - むれ
Flock - herd

Generally, a group of individual animals is called a flock, but there are various definitions. Also, while a group of the same species is usually considered a flock, some are formed by several species, such as the mixed flocks seen in winter of crows. There are two main reasons why animals gather together. One is due to attraction between individuals, and the other is when a group is formed due to conditions in a certain place, such as an abundance of food or a convenient place for overwintering, and is not based on relationships between individuals. The former is sometimes defined as a "flock" and the latter as a "gathering" or "swarm," and the term "flock" is sometimes used only to refer to a sustained, organized group.

Depending on the species, some animals live in a somewhat dispersed manner under given conditions, forming territories, while others form variously organized groups. Many species change their group formation state according to the season, especially the rutting season. During the rutting season, some species traditionally gather in large numbers in specific locations, which are called leks. One of the adaptive purposes of group formation is defense against predators. In the case of even-toed ungulates, generally, species that live in forests or bushes do not form groups, while species that live in open areas such as grasslands tend to form large groups. It is thought that dispersing in habitats where it is easy to hide, and burying oneself in the group in habitats with good visibility, leads to an increase in the average profit of each individual.

[Michio Sakurai]

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

一般には動物の個体の集合状態を群れとよぶが、さまざまな定義がなされている。また、普通は同一種の集団を群れとみなしているものの、冬季のカラ類にみられる混群のように、数種によって形成されるものもある。動物が寄り集まる原因には大きく分けて二つある。その一つは、個体どうしの誘引によるもの、ほかは、ある場所の条件、たとえば食物が豊富にあるとか、越冬に都合がよいとかいった理由で集団が形成され、個体間の関係には基づかないものである。前者を「群れ」と規定し、後者を「集まり」とか「群がり」とよんで区別することがあり、さらに持続的な組織化された集団に限って「群れ」ということもある。

 動物は種によって、与えられた諸条件のもとで、テリトリー(縄張り)制によってある程度分散して生活するものがいたり、またあるものはさまざまに組織化された群れを形成する。群れ形成の状態が季節、とくに発情期などによって変化する種も多い。発情期になると、伝統的に定まっている特定の場所に多数の個体が集合する種があり、その場所はレックとよばれる。群れ形成の適応的意義の一つとして外敵に対する防衛があげられる。偶蹄(ぐうてい)類についていえば、一般に森林やブッシュなどにすむ種は群れを形成せず、草原などの開けた場所にすむ種は大きな群れを形成する傾向がある。身を隠すことの容易な生活場所では分散することが、また見通しのよい生活場所では集団中に身を埋めることが、各個体の平均的利益の上昇に結び付くと考えられる。

[桜井道夫]

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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